Michael Breen tells the Truth to the Truth Commission

Then he told me his story. He had met his Koreans in the 1940s, when he was a prisoner of war under the Japanese. Like thousands of other young British and allied soldiers in World War II, he had been captured in Southeast Asia. The Japanese were unspeakably cruel to those they defeated. I worked in London once with a man who had, as a POW, witnessed guards executing a lineup of Australians with a bayonet up the rectum. Many of the Japanese guards in those camps were from Korea, which, you will know, was part of Japan then.

In fact, my father’s friend told me, the Koreans were the worst. ``Horrible people,’’ he said. I’ve never had the heart to tell my Korean friends this story because it is hurtful. But also because I know they would have no idea what this man might be talking about. But they should. The government of President Roh Moo-hyun is trying to clear up the pain from this period and needs serious help with its moral compass. Take, for example, the outrageous reversal this week by a Korean government panel of the rulings by allied tribunals after World War II on Korean war criminals........They will also tell you that from 1937-42, Koreans in the Japanese army were volunteers _ who included King Kojong’s son, an army general _ and that large-scale forced conscription only started in 1944. The Commission should know that those rounding up comfort women were Koreans and those torturing people in police stations were mostly Koreans. Koreans, in other words, were more ``horrible’’ to Koreans in many cases than the Japanese were11-16-2006/Korea times

via
世の中を生暖かく見守るブログ

This is the article in November so it is a bit old. I didn't know it.

魚拓

Korean professor speaks about comfort women

Park said, “It’s a fact that Koreans, too, were involved in the process of mobilizing comfort women. I think the responsibility for that wrongdoing surely rests with Korea, too.”

In particular, he she said one Korean comfort women he she interviewed said she was sold into it by her stepfather, and she said she hated her stepfather even more than the Japanese military.

He She also said the comfort women weren’t a uniquely Japanese phenomenon, and that research has appeared indicating that the ROK Army ran comfort brigades during the Korean War.

He She added that he she understood Prime Minister Shinzo Abe’s statement that the Japanese military did not coerce—in the narrow sense of the word—women into the comfort stations, and that it was unfortunate that many people took his statement as meaning there were no comfort women at all.

He She also made clear that in talking about Korea’s responsibility for the comfort women, he she did not mean to minimize Japan’s wrongdoing, but by realizing the role of Koreans in the comfort women issue, Korean criticism of Japan would change.Marmot

At last......

But I am not sure how many days she can survive as a professor in Korea.
It might be that they will be called pro-Japanese neo-nationalist, and holacaust denier.
And fifty years later, a few Korean prostitutes in the US will testify they have been kidnapped and abused by American officers, and Korea people will stand up against the former substantive colonizer, the US, and they will see to it that Chinese congress will pass the resolution that the US should apologize and compensate for the former massage parlor women, euphemism for the forced Korean prostitutes in the US, blaming, in addtion, that the US sold Korea to Japan.
It is regrettable that I won't be living 50 years later.

...................................................................................

"위안부 가해성 책임 한국에도 있다"

[YTN TV 2007-04-06 2魚拓

一韓国である大学教授が日製の慰安婦動員過程で韓国人も関与した事実があると加害性に対する責任は韓国にもあると主張して波紋が広がっています.

この教授は特に韓国社会が慰安婦問題の真実とそれに対する日本の態度に対してまともに理解することができないと指摘しました.

東京でユンギョングミン特派員です.

[レポート]

去る月言葉に解散された日本のアジア女性基金と係わって東京駐在外国特派員クラブに招請された朴柳河世宗大教授は先にこの基金の性格に対して韓国人たちがよく分からないと指摘しました.

[録音:朴柳河,世宗大教授]

"(日本)政府が関したし受賞の手紙が付いている単純だがよほど象徴的なことだが,彼さえ一般的に知られていないです."

朴教授はそれとともに韓国では慰安婦の実際がまともに理解されないまま誤解を招いていると主張しました.

[録音:朴柳河,世宗大教授]

"(慰安婦) 動員過程で韓国人も関与した事実があります.そんな加害性に対する責任は確かに韓国にもあると思います."

特に自分がインタビューした一韓国である慰安婦被害女性は当時ウィブッお父さんによって売られたし日本軍よりお父さんがもっと憎いと言ったと紹介したりしました.



また慰安婦問題は日本軍だけの専用物ではなかったという視覚も現わしました.

[録音:朴柳河,世宗大教授]

"朝鮮戦争の時の韓国軍も慰安台を運営したという事実,研究が出ました."

朴教授は引き続き慰安婦動員において狭い意味の強制性はなかったというAbe総理の発言を充分に理解すると言いながらまるでそれが慰安婦が全然なかったということのように受け入れられることに対して残念だと言いました.

朴教授は自分が韓国の責任などを話すからといって日本の加害事実が淡くなるのはないとところがそんな事実をアムとして韓国内日本批判の内容が変わって行くと明らかにしました.

会見に一緒に一わだ春樹東京大学名誉教授は去る 95年創立されたアジア女性基金は日本政府と国民が 50年ぶりに傷ついたアジア女性に対するお詫びと補償の道に出たのだと評価してしかし事業が中途で終わって限りである間仲直りは充分に成り立たなかったと指摘しました.

東京で YTN ユンギョングミンです.

民族主義

Seoul and Beijing are looking to tighten military ties

Korea, China to Set Up Military Hotline/Chosunilbo
FTA is important but it does not show the ties between the countries. It is military ties that counts.

According to the source, China will also reaffirm its support for inter-Korean reconciliation and ultimately a unified Korea. In return, South Korea will promise to support the “one-China” policy and oppose the independence of Taiwan, the source said. Experts in Chinese affairs say China is moving to consolidate its military and diplomatic relations with South Korea with signs of rapid improvements in U.S.-North Korea relations after a Feb. 13. six-nation agreement on the North’s nuclear program.

South Korea is getting back to where it belongs.

So what is the US's next move?

Cherry blossom and "hakanasa" ＜儚＞

If one's life has a point as a part of something larger, it is still possible to ask about that larger thing, what is the point of it?....If life is not real, life is not earnest, and the grave is its goal, perhaps it's ridiculous to take ourselves so serioiusly. On the other hand, if we can't help taking ourselves so seriously, perhaps we just have to put up with being ridiculous. Life may be not only meaningless but absurd.(Thomas Nagel "What does it all mean?")

"Death smiles at us all. All a man can do is smile back.( Gladiator .)

There is a theory in Japan that the cherry is so popular because the Japanese prefer flowers that are falling rather than flowers that are blooming. That would explain their love for the cherry—even a relatively mild breeze is enough to send a spray of petals floating like so much pink snow. When the cherry motif is used on television, such as a backdrop for the performance of a song, the blossoms are often shown fluttering to the ground, rather than in a static scene. The attraction for the Japanese is the brevity of the beauty, which contains an intrinsic poignancy and tension.Anpontan

That nicely explains why Japanese love fireworks in the summer.
Japan is after all "the fragile blossom".

There is a book called "Hakanasa to Nihonjin/the sense of fleeting and Japanese.

Hakanaiはかない儚・果ない】

1〔むなしい〕vain; 〔つかの間の〕((文)) evanescent，((文)) ephemeral, fleeting
・ はかない努力
vain efforts

・ はかない幸せ
fleeting [ephemeral] happiness

・ はかない喜び
transient [short-lived] joy

・ このはかない人生
this transitory [evanescent] life


2〔頼みにならない〕
・ 宝くじに庶民ははかない望みをかける
The common people 「hope against hope [pin their hopes on the faint possibility] that they might win in a lottery.

・ それははかない夢だった
It was only an empty dream.

("haka" as you notice means achievement"...and another chinese letter for it is man's dream)

The author picks up three typical Japanese attitudes toward hakanasa.
I'll summarise them in my own way.

The three attitudes share the following thought.
どうせ

Don't pursue things that is fleeting. You can not hold it for ever: It is deplorable. Achievement is nothing. Death will deprive you of your achievement. your achievement might remain for somebody, but that somebody will not last after all. It does not achieve anything after all, because there is no ultimate end to which everything is related .There is an end to everything but there is no ultimate end to which everything is related to. After all you achieve nothing, because your achievement will not last. Life is meaningless repetition that will achieve nothing. Life is eternally meaningless, incomplete, imperfect .

The first attitude toward "hakanasa" is "to the heaven"
浄土

This world is passing.This world is the Hell with meaningless repetition
of suffering. So pray that you go to the heaven where you can be peacefully permanent.
Abhore thing that is passing so much so that you welcome your death; You body will perish sooner or later, your body is fleeting. Only after your death comes your eternal world.

The second attitudes is "into the dream"
一期は夢よ、ただ狂え/いっそ

Everything does not make sense, it is a joke. Don't take it seriously.
Everything is illusion/dream. When you are completelyl awake, sober as a judge, you find yourself in the darkeness, in the absolute silence. The rest of time, you see fleeting mirage. You are inevitably mad, because you see nothing but illusion and dream. Be mad.
The future is illusion, the past is illusion, the present is illusion. The life after death is illusion as well as boring. It does not make sense to think of the future, the past because they are illusion. Don't relate yourself to the future, the past, this or that.
If this is a dream, then intesify it, crystallize it and you are with your ideal. Don't abondone your lust that persists in you, intensifiy it and you'll get a taste of reality, the truth.
Be mad, be mad about it. Be it your love, your loyalty or anything, you sense the intense reality in madness.

If you fall in love with somebody, your love with your partner will not last as beautiful as at first. So, just keep it to yourself and crystallize it, then you are with your perfect love. Your true love is complete...You are with your ideal that you feel so intensely as the Reality, the Truth.(忍恋）
If you want to prove you and your partner are really in love. Kill yourself and your partner together.(心中） You love is forever though your bodies will perish.. You are true to your ideal relation for ever. And you prove your love to yourself, your partner, in particular to your community..
If you want to be loyal to your lord. Be prepared to kill yourself at any time. "The way of the samurai is found in death" That is all there is to it. You are true to your lord for ever.You prove your true loyalty to your community for ever.

The third attitude is "let it be as it passes"

夢現

Everything comes and goes. The world is in the constant flux, you are in the constant flux, you are the world that is eternally flowing.
Everything is related to everything else, and yet there is no center, no end to which everything is related to.
The dream that is intensified is still a dream that will pass away.
The partner, or the community you want to prove your sincerity are also fleeting entitity that will pass away.
Everything will pass away into the darkness, into the silence, but the absolute darkness and silecne is still mirage that will pass away:Noting can escape from the constant flux.

There is no freedom of will nor non-freedom of will. Will is a recollected vision, mirage, of the failed effort, resentment, lust,intensive flow that repeats and persist but still will deappear into the darknes as everything else.
There is nothing you can do :You are abslutely powerless, but everything is what you are doing. you are creating, you have been creating, you will be creatitng; you are the eternal flow which is yourself, into which you commit your sprit, and it stands alone without the body that is reading this,
The world is eternally differenciating itself, it will never return.
You are eternally differenciating, you are the world eternally differentiating itself from itself, differentiating earlier/later, past/future from eternitiy. In one sense, You are timeless because you are the world that differentiating itself into time.in another sense you are ephemeral.
Identification with a particular is the negation of eternal differentiation Identifying yourself with something/somebody as against something/somebody else is differenciating you from the other as "not different from that something/somebody.
You learn to be somebody by identifying yourself with that somebody, but there is no necessity for you to be that somebody: you happen to be you as it is , but you can be this or that.
You are the formless, empty perciever/mover that is operating here and there, in the past and in the future, acting as a flower, angel, villain, murderer, mad man.
When you look at the cherry that blooms and falls, you are the cherry petals that is fleeting, which happened, will happen endlessly a bit different each time, for ever. When the petal is falling, there is no-thing/no-body but the petal against the background, and there is no-thing/no-body but you who is falling against the stable background that is also you. You are the fallig petal with the flow of the wind, so fragile, so fleeting.

Every petal blooming and falling is complete, perfect . It is finished. It has no debt. It is not the process to the end, but it is the end itself. It shines on its own.
The blooming of the flower---good, the falling of the flower---good. Life smiles at you---smile back, death smiles at you, smile back.

Every moment, you see something different coming, this moment is so unique, so, this moment is so shining, so pleasure,
Every moment you see something going , so this moment is so sad, and so precious, so lovely.

When you are killing somebody, you are killing yourself, at the same time, I am killing that somebody, I am killing myself---This is a crazy world where there is no punishment, no reward. But when viewed from this world, it is the mundane world that is crazy.
This and that world are neither reality nor illusion. It is like the scenery you see when you are drunken in such a way you are half-awake and half-asleep: you cannot tell reality from dream, dream from reality, you can not tell the present from the future, the past from the present. Still it stands alone, it is the whole, it is perfect.

Enjoy your cherry blossom and falling with a glass of "sake", Japanese liquor.


...................................................................................

In his book Tales of Old Japan, Mitford describes witnessing a hara-kiri [1]:

As a corollary to the above elaborate statement of the ceremonies proper to be observed at the hara-kiri, I may here describe an instance of such an execution which I was sent officially to witness. The condemned man was Taki Zenzaburo, an officer of the Prince of Bizen, who gave the order to fire upon the foreign settlement at Hyogo in the month of February 1868,—an attack to which I have alluded in the preamble to the story of the Eta Maiden and the Hatamoto. Up to that time no foreigner had witnessed such an execution, which was rather looked upon as a traveller's fable.

The ceremony, which was ordered by the Mikado himself, took place at 10:30 at night in the temple of Seifukuji, the headquarters of the Satsuma troops at Hiogo. A witness was sent from each of the foreign legations. We were seven foreigners in all.

"After another profound obeisance, Taki Zenzaburo, in a voice which betrayed just so much emotion and hesitation as might be expected from a man who is making a painful confession, but with no sign of either in his face or manner, spoke as follows:

"I, and I alone, unwarrantably gave the order to fire on the foreigners at Kobe, and again as they tried to escape. For this crime I disembowel myself, and I beg you who are present to do me the honour of witnessing the act."

Bowing once more, the speaker allowed his upper garments to slip down to his girdle, and remained naked to the waist. Carefully, according to custom, he tucked his sleeves under his knees to prevent himself from falling backwards; for a noble Japanese gentleman should die falling forwards. Deliberately, with a steady hand, he took the dirk that lay before him; he looked at it wistfully, almost affectionately; for a moment he seemed to collect his thoughts for the last time, and then stabbing himself deeply below the waist on the left-hand side, he drew the dirk slowly across to the right side, and, turning it in the wound, gave a slight cut upwards. During this sickeningly painful operation he never moved a muscle of his face. When he drew out the dirk, he leaned forward and stretched out his neck; an expression of pain for the first time crossed his face, but he uttered no sound. At that moment the kaishaku, who, still crouching by his side, had been keenly watching his every movement, sprang to his feet, poised his sword for a second in the air; there was a flash, a heavy, ugly thud, a crashing fall; with one blow the head had been severed from the body.

A dead silence followed, broken only by the hideous noise of the blood throbbing out of the inert heap before us, which but a moment before had been a brave and chivalrous man. It was horrible.

The kaishaku made a low bow, wiped his sword with a piece of rice paper which he had ready for the purpose, and retired from the raised floor; and the stained dirk was solemnly borne away, a bloody proof of the execution.

The two representatives of the Mikado then left their places, and, crossing over to where the foreign witnesses sat, called us to witness that the sentence of death upon Taki Zenzaburo had been faithfully carried out. The ceremony being at an end, we left the temple.

The ceremony, to which the place and the hour gave an additional solemnity, was characterised throughout by that extreme dignity and punctiliousness which are the distinctive marks of the proceedings of Japanese gentlemen of rank; and it is important to note this fact, because it carries with it the conviction that the dead man was indeed the officer who had committed the crime, and no substitute. While profoundly impressed by the terrible scene it was impossible at the same time not to be filled with admiration of the firm and manly bearing of the sufferer, and of the nerve with which the kaishaku performed his last duty to his master."Seppuku

Comfort women NYT Onishi and Yoshimi

Of the half-dozen documents he discovered, the most damning was a notice written on March 4, 1938, by the adjutant to the chiefs of staff of the North China Area Army and Central China Expeditionary Force. Titled "Concerning the Recruitment of Women for Military Comfort Stations,” the notice said that “armies in the field will control the recruiting of women,” and that “this task will be performed in close cooperation with the military police or local police force of the area.”

In another document from July 1938, Naosaburo Okabe, chief of staff of the North China Area Army, wrote that rapes of local women by Japanese soldiers had deepened anti-Japanese sentiments and that setting up “facilities for sexual comfort as quickly as possible is of great importance.” Yet another, an April 1939 report by the headquarters of the 21st Army in Guangzhou, China, noted that the 21st Army directly supervised 850 women.onishi/nyt/March 31, 2007

(photo comfort women at concentration camp)

Let's see the original text.

page 8
Concerning the Recruitment of Women for Military Comfort Stations

“when the brokers recruit women for the comfort station in the sino-Japanese war, there were cases where
(1) the brokers abused the name of Japanese military and people mistook them for military officers,damaging the prestige of the military and
(2) they recruited women irregularly by way of commissioned journalists and commissioned entertainers.
(3)they recruited inadequately like kidnapping and as a result they were investigated by the police and they needed to be watched out.

There have been a lot of cases as above reported,
therefore, from now on, the dispatch force will carry out screening for the brokers carefully and adequately and will corporate with the police and kenpei in regulating the recruitment so that it won’t cause the social problem and it won’t damage the prestige of the military.(3 March 1938)

page 21
War time service regulations

.....As for VD, not only do we need preemptive measures to prevent it, it is necessary to get the sanitation system complete in the the comfort station and to avoid the prostitute who are not under our supervision and to avoid the local women.....

page 22
July 1938, Naosaburo Okabe

....
2 the recovery of the peace and order is delayed ,of course, mainly because there is a lack of military force, but also because the illegal acts by military officers and workers has brought about the anti-sentiments among local people and this sentiment is being used as a pretext to agitate people by communist. And this will be the utmost influential factor for the recovery for the peace and order.
According to the information we received, the fervent anti-Japanese sentiment was brought about by the spreading the news Japanese military officers raped the local women in various places and it is said that this has caused strong anti-Japanese sentiments.

3 The local self-defence troops such as the red spear association .... at .... are traditionally fervently against military plunder and rape, in particular as for the rape, all the local people will defend the women to the death. (refer to the article on the nature of the red spear association.) Therefore, the rape is not just
crime by the criminal code, but it is also national treason damaging the peace and order and the military operation. Those who control the subordinate need to admonish them and need to see it that this will never happen again.

4 As mentioned above, it is urgent that we need to supervise the individual soldier with utmost strict, that we will set up the comfort station for sexual purpose so that soldiers will not violate the law for the lack of such institution.
....

page 37
The situation of comfort station/April 1939 report by the headquarters of the 21st Army in Guangzhou, China,

1 The comfort station was set up for the military officers under the supervision of the garrison and kenpei in guarded areas.

2 Recently as the many kinds of comfort stations such as Cafe, Restaurant, Dining room etc, hava been set up, the number of military comfort station are diminishing.

3 At present, there are about 1000 female employees and about 850 females are under military regulation, it is estimated that about 150 female are from the homeland of the each troop.

4 Other than mentioned above, there are a few cases the local females are employed where the setting up of the comfort station is difficult.

5 The document on the apportion and sanitary situation of comfort stations are attached.
....troop.....location.....the number of female......rate of disease

(Correct any mistakes in translation)



It seems to me that all they show is that Japanese military regulated illegal pimps, and supervised the sanitation of comfort station. and the comfort stations were set up
(1) for fear of spreading VD
(2)for fear of speading anti-Japanese sentiment due to the rapes by Japanese soldiers.
And there is nothing new. Japanese troops are set up houses for brothels, transefered
women, regulated illegal pimps, supervised the medical check.

What people like Onishi and Yoshimi tend to ignore is the cases where Japanese military acutally closed down the brothel where it was found out that the women was decieved.
For instance,

In 1944, 30 women arrived, led by two Koreans, one women started crying , saying that she didn't know it was comfort station, she was promised to work at the the meeting place for military officers. I deprived the broker of the license, and odered to have them work at appropriate profession. Probably the pimps recruted them deceiving, recollected the military doctore Nagasawa

Some people want to paint the comfort women as dark as possbile. The photo is the photo of comfort women cited in the book accusing Japanese military for abusing comfort station.
The caption reads:

the comfort women following the troop, what did they have in mind hidden in thier cheeful expressoin, crossing the yellow river

考察NIPPO

I am not saying that the living condition of the all the comfort station was good,
In some cases, it is imaginable that the living condition was horrible just as it was with Japanese brothels at the time and it has been with Korean brothels and many brothels in the world.
What I am saying is that they need more nuanced views on history. see also comfort women depicted in the film on this matter.
...............................................................................

４４年秋、二人の朝鮮人に引率された３０人余の女が到着したとき、一人が「陸軍将校の集会所である偕行社に勤める約束できたので、慰安所と知らなかった」と泣き出したので、業者に就業を禁じ、適当な職業の斡旋を命じた。「おそらく、女衒に類する人間が、甘言をもって募集したものであったのだろう」と長沢軍医は回想している。

「慰安婦と戦場の性」P.91～考察NIPPON
近現代史について勉強しながら書くブログ。ときどき日本に関するニュース考

enjoy naver

魚拓

Comfort women depicted in the film before the issue popped up.

Comfort women were no secret in Japan, I have seen the brothels in Japanese movies. This film called
Independent gang of hooligans/独立愚連隊 depicts the comfort women. One woman called Tomi is clearly Japanese but another woman is probably playing Chinese or Korean comfort women, judging from her accent. The film was produced in 1959, long before the campaign for the comfort women started. The stage is in North China in 1944. This is not documentary, but it reflects at least partly, how comfort women were perceived by Japanese.
And this site which support ex- comfort women, the house of sharing, lists the photos of comfort women. Some were clrealy about the Woman Brigate/teshintai which many Korean people are confused with comfort women, but some are really photos of comfort women.








魚拓１
魚拓２


And the photo is a shot from the Korean film "Bad guy"

It's pretty simple. Pimp meets girl, girl rejects pimp, pimp tricks girl into turning tricks, girl falls for pimp — insert screeching sound of needle on vinyl record here. Girl falls for pimp? Eh! Yeah! Nabbeun Namja (Bad Guy)

The theme seems to be recurrent one.

Chang (1997)
advertisement A young woman is tricked into prostitution, thinking she's going to sell beverages at a village store. She soon learns about the dark world of Korea's red-light districts, where a prostitute is exploited by johns, their pimps and society. She befriends one of her johns, a country bumpkin, who keeps in touch with her over the years. The film is a look at Korea's prostitution from the 1970s to the 1990s told through her story.
Chang

And here is a real story of Korean human trader.:
WOMEN FROM PHILIPPINES AND FORMER USSR TRAFFICKED INTO SOUTH KOREA FOR SEX

The report notes that based on official statistics and published reports, up to 5,000 women could have been trafficked into South Korea for the sex industry since the mid-1990s.

However, there is reason to believe that the actual number may in fact be higher. The report highlights that researchers have been hampered in their efforts on what to measure to estimate the true scale of trafficking in South Korea due to the fact that there is not a clear or consistent definition of trafficking in South Korea.

.....

The report finds that women trafficked into the South Korean entertainment industry endure working conditions that clearly exploit them and there is also a present and real threat of violence if any of these women do not perform exactly as instructed. Moreover, other human rights violations are widespread, including illegal confinement, forced labour and even forced prostitution.

Filipino women are especially prone to sexual exploitation as their English language skills make them attractive to American service men interested in purchasing sex. However, women of other nationalities are also sexually exploited since foreign workers are often easier to intimidate than local Korean women.September 2002・Third World Net work.魚拓

see also　Korean Sexual Culture: An Historical Overview 魚拓
shanghai now
Police Arrest Slave Smugglers

comfort women and Korean brokers.

the statistics of the brokers of the official brothels(公娼）in Korea by Korea governor-general’s office

the broker
year........1927...1931...1937...1941
Japanese...162... 269....203......211
Korean.... 2598...2320.. 3097...3744
(page 40 慰安婦と戦場の性　秦郁彦)
ponta /Marmot holes

Blair refuses to bow to slave trade apology demands

By Joe Churcher and Ben Padley, PA Political Staff
Published: 26 March 2007
Tony Blair should make clear slavery apology, says world churches chief
By staff writers
22 Mar 2007
BBC NEWS | UK | Slave trade shameful, Blair says

Did UK and USA set up the fund for the former slave?

The name changing "under the black umbrella"

Pak Songpilfarmer/fishermam,South Kyongsang Province

I got beaten up many times by the Japanese because I resisted changing my name to Japanese....

Chu Pongyehousewife, South Kyongsang Province

We never changed our family name: we kept my married name of Pak. Our son did change his name to Parku Tshiro, but my husband was very stubborn My own family did not change their nae either.My brother, working in the city office, I don't know if he changed his name or not , but I'm sure he did to keep his job....

Yi Caheim housewife, kyonggi Province
My grandfather, the scholar, after we were forced to change names, was so upset he would not eat or even drink for many days.
Kim P [Anonmous] twonship office worker:

I changed my name to Tomikawa....My grandfather objected, but since I was working I had to change it. I am the only one in my family that did change, because all the others were still farmers. They didn't have to worry about losing jobs.

m electrical engineer, South Ch'ungchong Province

Every family had a big discussion whether to go along or resist.My elder brother , who took over the rice dealership, didn't change his name at all because he was dealing with other Koreans. But for those of us who had to go to school or get jobs, we had to come up with ne names.

Kim WongukTobacco authority officer, North Hagyong Province.

My clan had several meetings with lots of debates about whether to go long with the name change,....Those in favor said that without a Japanese name you could not do business with the Japanese , could not get jobs, could not send you children to school ----in fact could not do much at all. ......At least in our region , those who did not change name to Japanese were the first target of the draft to the factories.

(Under the Black Umbrella: Voices from Colonial Korea, 1910-1945 (Hardcover)
by Hildi Kang page 117-page 119)

This interview is consistent with the interview by O Seonhwa、 an ethnic Korean professor in Japan. In her interviews with Koreans who lived under Japanese rule,

Nobody I interviewed changed their names, " I didn't changed my name, but there were many people who did change, because there was unspoken pressure."---this is roughly their opinion. But asked what damage they received, there was nobody who reported the concrete examples.　
　There are many Japanese, so among them there might have been people who did nasty things individually, there might have been people who made them change their name using his status, but in the interview with Japanese and Koreans, there was nobody who heard the story in which such case caused a big trouble, and they have heard no cases where people started the movement against it."
　It is a fact that there was demands from Koreans to permit them to change their name.*1 The demands are mainly from Koreans who emigrated to Manchukuo. Korea had historically been a vassal state of China and Koreans had been treated unfairly by Chinese. The demand to the effect that" since we have Japanese nationality, we would like to have Japanese names" was often reported to the government-general.
(page 56 昭和史２０の争点＊2

(*Changing the name to Japanese style had been forbiden by the law.--zero)

It seems clear that there was a rumor that they would have received some damage if they hadn't changed their name; losing job.
But it is also clear there were governors, journalist, military officers, public officer, students, farmers who didn't change their name.See the name changing.
Note also there was no case where they received ration-cut as claimed by some people..

BTW O Seonhwa（呉善花） has been receiving ad hominem attack from some Korean people.
....................................................................................
*2

創氏改名については全員が改名していなかった。”自分は頑として改名しなかったが、自分の周りにはたくさん改名した人がいた、それは無言の圧力があったからだ、というのが大方の主張であった。しかし、改名しない為に何かの被害を受けたことがあったかとっきいて、「あった」と答えた人は一人もいなかった。
日本人のなかにもいろいろな人がいるから、個人的に嫌がらせする人はいたかもしれない。自分の立場を利用して改名させたがる人もいたかもしれない。でもインタービューをした日本人も韓国人も、そういう問題で騒ぎになったという話を聞いたことはなく、反対運動の展開もまったくなかったという。
　当時、朝鮮人側から改名への要望がかなりあったということは事実であった。要望は主に満州に移住した朝鮮人から出されたもので、朝鮮が歴史的に中国の属国の位置にあったことから、中国人から朝鮮人が不当な扱いを受けることが多く、「我々も日本国籍をもつ以上日本名を名乗らせて欲しい」という要望が、総督府にたびたび寄せられていたのである。55
ページ

UN Human Rights Council

It seems UN human right council is not working well
Human rights and the UN/economiatviadebito

The Speeches NOT Banned at UN Human Rights Council/youtubevia
http://mikerosstky.spaces.live.com/Blog/cns!65DFD4754018BC2A!2522.entry保守思想

Kaneko's guilt revealed

Japan PM war slavery denial uncovers old pain


TOKYO, Japan (AP) -- Yasuji Kaneko, 87, still remembers the screams of the countless women
he raped in China as a soldier in the Japanese imperial army in World War II.
Some were teenagers from Korea serving as sex slaves in military-run brothels. Others were
women in villages he and his comrades pillaged in eastern China.
"They cried out, but it didn't matter to us whether the women lived or died," Kaneko said in an interview
with The Associated Press at his Tokyo home. "We were the emperor's soldiers. Whether in military
brothels or in the villages, we raped without reluctance."March 3, 2007CNN com

He was really a nasty guy, wasn't he?

In the book called Emperor's army, on the part accusing 731 troop, he tesitified
he was ordered to spread cholera vibrio

In the site that accuses Nanjing massacre, he is quoted as saying in Nanjing massacre he set fire on the civilian houses.

In the site revealing comfort statoin, he testified he tranferred comfort women.

His evil acts is beyond description. He raped women in China, tranfered comfort women, spread the poison gas with 731 troop, set fire on civilian houses in Nanjing Massacre. How can he stay alive?
He was at the every place notorious for the Japanese atrocity. He is super evil----but some people are wondering how we can trust the story of such a man.

via enjoy Korea魚拓

Comfort women: confusion about Teshintai/Women Brig ate

There are a lot of confusion about Teshintai and comfort women system among Korean people. In 1944, the law was enacted to the effect unmarried women would be mobilized for the factory. (Married women were necessary for the maintainace of the house and familiy) Many Korean people seems to be confused about it.
But in Japan even people who accuse Japan fervently for comfort women know the difference. Here is an article by three representatives supporters, Half-moon, ethnic Korean who run the site criticizing Japan, Yoshimi, a representative historian who support for comfort women, Chida, who started campaign for comfort women in Japan.

I think the confusion in Korea between Women Brigade and comfort women is a relic of Japanese colonialism.
In Korea, the perspective that teishintai is comfort women was held strongly from the time mobilization law in 1944 was enacted. This law was named "virgin contribution "after the contribution of the farm products, and hardware. And "virgin" mean "unmarried women."
This virgin contribution put women in panic. The rumor spread that unmarried women would be made comfort women in Korea. Korea governor-general's office also confirmed this rumor. The fact is mentioned in a document of the Department of the Interior under the jurisdiction of a governor-general's office as follows (yoshimi "jugun ianfu page 101)

Some people mistakenly think that the patriotic work corp is equally mobilisation . And some rejected it, and escaped, and some started the violence. Not only that, there is an absurd rumor that women would be made comfort women. Coupled with this malice rumor, it will be harder to acquire the work force.
(concering the revision of staff in the government-general's office 27 June 1944)

In Korea people thought up many ways to to avoid this "virgin contribution;Wealthy family had their daughter escape to the rural area, and some were encouraged to marry.
But there were few young men because young men were mobilized, so the parents tried hard to find the young man who escaped from mobilization and forced their daughter to marry. As such, the marriage was doomed to fail. A sick man or not, having some problem with him or not, they had to marry, because they thought that was much better than "virgin contribution". This unhappy marriage brought about many divorces. In Korean where confucianism's influence is strong, where "when a woman is married, she must obey her husband", there must have been overwhelming reason for them to divorce.
it is said that from 8000 to 12000 tragic divorces were reported after the liberation.
This large number of divorces tell how firmly Korean confusingly believed that Teishintai is comfort women.
And this misunderstanding remained after the liberation. It is evidenced in the followin Soeul newpaper(chida, jugun iannfu)....

.....................................................................................

Note

韓国における挺身隊と「従軍慰安婦」との混同は、私は植民地時代の遺産
ではないかと思います。
　　韓国で、挺身隊＝「慰安婦」という見方は、１９４４年８月に「女子挺身
勤労令」が出された当時から根強くありました。この勤労令は植民地・韓国で
は、農産物やカナモノ供出をモジって別名「処女供出」と呼ばれました。処女
とは韓国語で未婚の女性を指します。
　　この「処女供出」は女性たちをパニックに陥れました。未婚女性は「慰安
婦」にされるのではないかという噂が広がったためです。これは朝鮮総督府で
も「流言」として確認されました。その事実は総督府を管轄していた内務省の
資料に次のように記載されています（吉見著「従軍慰安婦」岩波新書、Ｐ１０
１）。

　　勤労報国隊の出動をも斉（ひと）しく徴用なりとし、一般労務募集に対し
ても忌避逃走し、或は不正暴行の挙に出ずるものあるのみならず、未婚女子の
徴用は必至にして、中には此等を慰安婦となすが如き荒唐無稽なる流言巷間に
伝わり、此等悪質なる流言と相俟って、労務事情は今後益々困難に赴くものと
予想せらる（内務大臣請議「朝鮮総督府部内臨時職員設置制中改正の件」１９
４４年６月２７日）。

　　この「処女供出」をのがれるため、韓国ではいろいろな方法が考え出され
ました。裕福な家庭では、娘を女学校から退学させ田舎に隠したり、急いで娘
を嫁がせる方法などがとられました。しかし、結婚といっても当時は戦時中と
あって若い男性は少なく、それは容易ではありませんでした。親たちは八方手
を尽くし、徴用や徴兵から免れた未婚の男性を探し、むりやり結婚話をまとめ
ました。
　　そうした結婚は、事情が事情だけにひどいものがありました。相手の男性
が病弱者であれ、たとえどのような問題があろうとも供出よりはましであると
して本人も泣く泣く結婚しました。

　　この不幸な結婚は解放後、数多くの離婚をもたらしました。「嫁しては夫
に従う」という儒教道徳の強い韓国で離婚するというのはよくよくのことです
が、離婚という悲劇は解放直後、８千とも１万２千件あったとも言われていま
す。
　　こうした悲劇の数の多さは、それだけ挺身隊＝「慰安婦」という混同が根
深く信じられていたことを物語っているのではないかと思います。
　　この認識は解放後もそのまま引き継がれました。それを示す例として、ソ
ウル新聞の１９６９年８月１４日号には次のように書かれているとのことです
（千田夏光「従軍慰安婦」正編、三一新書）半月城通信

女子挺身隊制度強化方策要綱
　　　　　昭和19年3月18日　閣議決定
方針
　女子ノ勤労動員ヲ促進強化スルタメ女子挺身隊ノ制度ヲ強化シ其ノ勤労能率ノ昂揚ヲ図ルモノトス
要領
　一、女子挺身隊ノ結成
　　1、学校長、女子青年団長、婦人会長其ノ他適当ナル□域又ハ地域ノ団体ノ長ヲシテ女子挺身隊ヲ組織スルニ必要ナル措置ヲ執ラシムルコト
　　2、女子挺身隊ニ依リ勤労ニ従事セシムベキ者ハ国民登録者タル女子ニシテ家庭ノ根軸タル者ヲ除キ尚身体ノ状況、家庭ノ事情等ヲ斟酌シテ之ヲ選定スルコト
　　　尚戦時農業要員タル女子ニ就テハ之ヲ隊員トシテ選定セザルコト
　　3、右ニ依リ選定セラレタル者ニ対シテハ必要ニ応ジ挺身隊組織ニ依リ必要業務ニ挺身協力スベキコトヲ命ジ得ルモノトスルコト
　　4、2ノ者ノ外特ニ志願ヲ為シタル者ハ之ヲ挺身隊員トスルコトヲ妨ゲザルコト
　　5、結婚ソノ他ノ場合ニ於イテ已ムヲ得ザル事由アル隊員ニ就テハソノ離隊ヲ認ムルコト
　　6、挺身隊ニハ統率者ヲ附シ概ネ隊長及ビ隊員ヲ以テ組織スルコト一隊ノ人員ハ原則トシテ二十人乃至五十人トシ要スレバ之ヲ班ニ分チ班長ヲ置クコト
　二、女子挺身隊ノ運営
　　1、挺身隊ヲシテ従事セシムル工場、事業場ハ規律、従業条件其ノ他ノ勤労管理優良ニシテ受入態勢ノ整備シタルモノヲ選定スルニ努メ又可及的通勤可能ナル範囲内ニ於テ之ヲ選定スルコト、尚通勤不可能ナル場合ニハ寄宿舎施設ノ完備セルモノヲ選定スルコト又学校同窓会ヲ単位トシテ結成セラルル女子挺身隊ニシテ当該学校ガ工場化セラレアル場合ニ於イテハ成ル可ク同所ニ従業セシムルコト、尚地域ヲ単位トシテ結成セラルル女子挺身隊ニ就テハ当該地域内ニ於ケル家庭作業場ニ従事セシムルコトヲ考慮スルコト
　　2、工場、事業場ニシテ前項ノ条件ニ欠陥アル場合ニ於イテハ当該挺身隊ヲ他ノ工場事業場ニ配置替スルノ措置ヲ講ズルコト
　　3、一挺身隊ハ原則トシテ各種ノ職場ニ分散セシムルコトナク同一ノ職場ニ纏メテ之ヲ配置セシムルコト
　　4、配置スベキ職種ハ当該挺身隊ニ適当ナルモノヲ選定スルコト
　　5、挺身隊員ノ家庭ノ事情等ニ依リテハ従業時間、始業及ビ終業時刻、休日等ニ関シ相当ノ配慮ヲ為スト共ニソノ通勤ニツキ所要ノ措置ヲ講ズルコト
　　6、挺身隊員トシテ従業スベキ期間ハ差当リ一年トスルコト
　　7、挺身隊員ニ対シテハ従業実施前可及的所要ノ予備訓練ヲ行フコト
　　8、挺身隊員ノ給与其ノ他ノ従業条件ハ原則トシテ通常ノ方法ニ依ル勤労者ト同一トスルモ其ノ給与ノ支給方法ニ就テハ別途措置スルコト
　　9、相当数ノ挺身隊員ノ従業スル工場事業場ニ於テハ挺身隊専門ノ係員ヲ置カシムルコトトシ、此ノ場合要スレバ女子ヲ以テ之ニ充ツルモノトスルコト　
　 10、挺身隊ニ関スル動員ノ業務ハ原則トシテ総テ地方長官之ヲ行フコトトシ尚ソノ業務ノ一部ハ国民勤労動員署長ヲシテ分掌セシムルコトヲ得ルノ外、学校長、市区町村長ソノ他ノ団体ノ長ヲシテ輔佐セシムルコト
（備考）
　(1)　本要綱中基本事項ニ就テハ国家総動員法第五条ニ基ク勅令ヲ制定スルモノトス
　(2)　協力命令ヲ肯ンゼザル者ニ対シテハ必要ニ依リ国家総動員法第六条ニ基ク就業命令ヲ発シ得ルモノトスルコト

女子挺身勤労令(昭和19年勅令第519号)

第一条　勤労常時要員トシテノ女子(学徒勤労令ノ適用ヲ受クベキ者ヲ除ク)ノ隊組織(以下女子挺身隊ト称ス)ニ依ル勤労協力ニ関スル命令ニシテ国家総動員法第五条ノ規定ニ基クモノ並ニ当該命令ニ依ル勤労協力ヲ為スベキ者及女子挺身隊ニ依ル従業ヲ為ス者ノ雇入、使用、就職、従業又ハ給与其ノ他ノ従業条件ニ関スル命令ニシテ同法第六条ノ規定ニ基クモノニ関シテハ本令ノ定ムル所ニ依ル

第ニ条　国家総動員法第五条ノ規定ニ依ル命令ニ依リ女子ガ女子挺身隊ニ依リ為ス勤労協力(以下挺身勤労ト称ス)ハ国、地方公共団体又ハ厚生大臣若ハ地方長官(東京都ニ在リテハ警視総監以下同ジ)ノ指定スル者ノ行フ命令ヲ以テ定ムル総動員業務ニ付之ヲ為サシムルモノトス

第三条　挺身勤労ヲ為スベキ者(以下隊員ト称ス)ハ国民職業能力申告令ニ依ル国民登録者タル女子トス
2　前項該当者以外ノ女子ハ志願ヲ為シタル場合ニ限リ隊員ト為スコトヲ得ルモノトス

第四条　引続キ挺身勤労ヲ為サシムル期間ハ特別ノ事情アル場合ヲ除クノ外概ネ一年トス
2　隊員ヲシテ引続キ一年ヲ超エ挺身勤労ヲ為サシムル場合ニ於テハ隊員ノ同意アルコトヲ要ス

第五条　挺身勤労ヲ受ケントスル者ハ命令ノ定ムル所ニ依リ地方長官ニ之ヲ請求又ハ申請スベシ

第六条　地方長官前条ノ規定ニ依ル請求又ハ申請アリタル場合ニ於テ女子挺身隊ヲ出動セシムル必要アリト認ムルトキハ命令ノ定ムル所ニ依リ市町村長(市町村長ニ準ズベキモノヲ含ミ東京都ノ区ノ存スル区域並ニ京都市、大阪市、名古屋市、横浜市及神戸市ニ在リテハ区長トス以下同ジ)其ノ他ノ団体ノ長又ハ学校長ニ対シ隊員ト為ルベキ者ヲ選抜スベキコトヲ命ズルモノトス

第七条　前条ノ命令ヲ受ケタル者ハ本人ノ年齢、身体ノ状態、家庭ノ状況等ヲ斟酌シ隊員ト為ルベキ者ヲ選抜シ之ヲ地方長官ニ報告スベシ

第八条　地方長官ハ前条ノ規定ニ依ル報告アリタル者ノ中ヨリ隊員ヲ決定シ本人ニ其ノ旨ヲ挺身勤労令書ニ依リ通知シ挺身勤労ニ関シ必要ナル事項ヲ指示スルモノトス

第九条　前条ノ規定ニ依ル通知ヲ受ケタル者ハ同条ノ規定ニ依ル指示ニ従ヒ挺身勤労ヲ為スベシ

第十条　挺身勤労ヲ為ス場合ノ女子挺身隊ノ組織及運営並ニ其ノ隊員ノ規律ニ関シ必要ナル事項ハ命令ヲ以テ之ヲ定ム

第十一条　地方長官ハ命令ノ定ムル所ニ依リ特別ノ事情アル場合ニ於テハ挺身勤労ノ全部又ハ一部ノ停止ニ関シ必要ナル措置ヲ為スコトヲ得

第十二条　挺身勤労ニ要スル経費ハ命令ノ定ムル所ニ依リ特別ノ事情アル場合ヲ除クノ外其ノ挺身勤労ヲ受クル者之ヲ負担スルモノトス

第十三条　厚生大臣(軍需省所管企業ニ於ケル勤労管理及給与ニ関スル事項ニ付テハ軍需大臣)又ハ地方長官必要アリト認ムルトキハ国家総動員法第六条ノ規定ニ基キ挺身勤労ヲ受クル事業主ニ対シ隊員ノ使用又ハ給与其ノ他ノ従業条件ニ関シ必要ナル命令ヲ為スコトヲ得
2　隊員ガ業務上負傷シ、疾病ニ罹リ又ハ死亡シタル場合ニ於ケル本人又ハ其ノ遣族ノ扶助ニ関シ必要ナル事項ハ命令ヲ以テ之ヲ定ム

第十四条　左ノ各号ノ一ニ該当スル者ハ隊員ト為サザルモノトス但シ隊員ニシテ第一号又ハ第二号ニ該当スルニ至リタルモノハ此ノ限ニ在ラズ
　一　陸海軍軍属
　二　陸軍大臣若ハ海軍大臣ノ所管ニ属スル官衙(部隊及学校ヲ含ム)又ハ厚生大臣ノ指定スル工場、事業場其ノ他ノ場所ニ於テ軍事上必要ナル総動員業務ニ従事スル者
　三　法令ニ依リ拘禁中ノ者

第十五条　左ノ各号ノ一ニ該当スル者ハ志願ニ依ル場合ヲ除クノ外隊員ト為サザルモノトス
　一　厚生大臣ノ指定スル総動員業務ニ従事スル者
　二　家庭生活ノ根軸タル者
　三　其ノ他厚生大臣ノ指定スル者

第十六条　厚生大臣又ハ地方長官ハ命令ノ定ムル所ニ依リ挺身勤労ニ関シ市町村長其ノ他ノ団体ノ長若ハ学校長又ハ隊員若ハ挺身勤労ヲ受クル事業主ヲ監督ス

第十七条　地方長官必要アリト認ムル場合ニ於テハ国家総動員法第六条ノ規定ニ基キ挺身勤労ヲ為サザル者ニ対シ第五条ノ規定ニ依ル請求又ハ申請ニ係ル工場、事業場其ノ他ノ場所ニ就職スルコトヲ命ズルコトヲ得
2　前項ノ工場、事業場其ノ他ノ場所ノ事業主ハ国家総動員法第六条ノ規定ニ基キ同項ノ規定ニ依ル命令ヲ受ケタル者ヨリ就職申出ヲ受ケタルトキハ之ヲ雇入ルルコトヲ要ス
3　厚生大臣(軍需省所管企業ニ於ケル勤労管理及給与ニ関スル事項ニ付テハ軍需大臣)又ハ地方長官必要アリト認ムルトキハ国家総動員法第六条ノ規定ニ基キ第一項ノ規定ニ依ル命令ヲ受ケタル者又ハ前項ノ事業主ニ対シ第一項ノ規定ニ依ル命令ヲ受ケタル者ノ使用、従業又ハ給与其ノ他ノ従業条件ニ関シ必要ナル命令ヲ為スコトヲ得
4　第十三条第二項ノ規定ハ第一項ノ規定ニ依ル命令ヲ受ケタル者又ハ其ノ遺族ノ扶助ニ之ヲ準用ス

第十八条　第十三条ノ規定ハ地方長官又ハ国民勤労動員署長ノ為ス指導又ハ勧奨ニ基キ女子ガ女子挺身隊ニ依リ第二条ノ規定ニ依ル総動員業務ニ付工場、事業場其ノ他ノ場所ニ於テ従業スル場合ニ之ヲ準用ス

第十九条　地方長官必要アリト認ムルトキハ本令ニ依ル其ノ事務ノ一部ヲ国民勤労動員署長ヲシテ分掌セシムルコトヲ得

第二十条　第十三条(第十七条第四項及第十八条ニ於テ準用スル場合ヲ含ム)、第十六条並ニ第十七条第二項及第三項ノ規定ハ事業主タル国及都道府県ニ之ヲ適用セズ

第二十一条　本令中厚生大臣トアルハ朝鮮ニ在リテハ朝鮮総督、台湾ニ在リテハ台湾総督トシ地方長官トアルハ朝鮮ニ在リテハ道知事、台湾ニ在リテハ州知事又ハ庁長トシ市町村長トアルハ朝鮮ニ在リテハ府尹(京城府ニ在リテハ区長)又ハ邑面長、台湾ニ在リテハ市長又ハ郡守(澎湖庁ニ在リテハ庁長)トシ国民勤労動員署長トアルハ朝鮮ニ在リテハ府尹、郡守又ハ島司、台湾ニ在リテハ市長又ハ郡守(澎湖庁ニ在リテハ庁長)トシ都道府県トアルハ朝鮮ニ在リテハ道、台湾ニ在リテハ州又ハ庁トス

第二十二条　挺身勤労ニハ国民勤労報国協力令ハ之ヲ適用セズ

第二十三条　本令ニ規定スルモノノ外挺身勤労ニ関シ必要ナル事項ハ命令ヲ以テ之ヲ定ム

　　附　則

本令ハ公布ノ日ヨリ之ヲ施行ス

▲

制作者註
この勅令は、昭和19年8月23日に公布され、即日施行された。
国民勤労動員令廃止等ノ件(昭和20年勅令第566号)により、本令は昭和20年3月10日をもって廃止された。
関連法令
国家総動員法(昭和13年法律第55号)
国民職業能力申告令(昭和14年勅令第5号)
国民勤労報国協力令(昭和16年勅令第995号)
学徒勤労令(昭和19年勅令第518号)

link

Yen loan

Friday March 30, 9:35 PM
India tops other nations as recipient of Japan's FY 2006 yen loans
(Kyodo) _ Japan provided India a total of 184.8 billion yen in credit in fiscal 2006, making India the biggest recipient of Japanese official development assistance in the form of low-interest loans, the Foreign Ministry said Friday.

India was followed by Indonesia, Vietnam and Iraq, as large recipients of yen loans on a contract basis in fiscal 2006 ending Saturday.kyodo

Interesting, in that it shows the strategy of Japan.

Japan needs more sense of humor

The Japanese would certainly benefit in international relations if they could relax a bit more, take life less seriously and laugh at themselves as the writer of the letter in the British newspaper quoted above suggested. Abe in particular should take note!The japan times

via 「Nishitatsu1234の帝国」

Sure, sure,
New York Times..... ahahaha.
Washinton Post......ahahahaha.
Korea...... Ahahahaha.
。・゜゜・(>_<)・゜゜・。

what a coincidence!

Fake Kidnappings Confound Police



By Kim Tong-hyung
Staff Reporter

Amid the soaring unemployment rate and widening gulf between rich and poor, police have their hands full in dealing with all sorts of crimes, big and small, committed by those in desperate need of money.

A particularly annoying trend for law enforcement officials is the growing number of people who are faking their own kidnappings for ransom. As most of the victims of the spoof kidnappings are the suspects' own family members, police are complaining that there is little legal ground for them to arrest the perpetrators.

Last Sunday, detectives at the Socho Police Station in southern Seoul received a call from a young woman who claimed that her father, a 43-year-old Chung, had been kidnapped by his creditors for failing to pay off 58 million won in debts.

More than 2,000 police officers were deployed around Chung's house to search for his whereabouts. However, the search was called off a day later when it was revealed that the abduction was a hoax, a scam organized by Chung himself.Korea times

At the very time the testimony by comfort women is in question.

via ROK Drop

Korean Economic Research Institute speaks about comfort women

See also A Korean historian speaks about comfort women
Korean professor talks about comfort women
A Korean professor says Korea is also responsible

또 일제는 조선인의 노동력을 수탈하였다고 합니다. 1940년대의 전시기(戰時期)에 약 650만 명의 조선인을 전선으로 공장으로 탄광으로 강제 연행하였으며, 끌고 가서는 임금을 주지 않고 노예와 같이 부려먹었다는 것입니다. 그 가운데 조선의 처녀들이 있었습니다. 정신대(挺身隊)라는 명목으로 조선의 처녀들을 동원하여 일본군의 위안부로 삼았는데, 그 수가 수십 만에 이른다고 교과서는 기술하고 있습니다.

그런데 이런 이야기들은 모두 사실이 아닙니다. 깜짝 놀랄 분들이 많으시겠지만, 거두절미하고 말한다면 이런 이야기들은 모두 교과서를 쓴 역사학자들이 지어낸 이야기입니다. 해방 이후의 역사 교과서를 검토해 보면 1960년대까지는 이러한 이야기가 없었습니다. 그러다가 1970년대에 들어와, 특히 1974년 이후 국정교과서 체제로 넘어가면서, 위와 같이 난폭한 서술들이 교과서에 등장하기 시작하였습니다. 이에 대해 여기서 더 이상 자세히 설명할 겨를이 없습니다만, 궁금하신 분은 저의 이전 논문을 참조하시기 바랍니다.(이영훈, 「국사 교과서에 그려진 일제의 수탈상과 그 신화성」, 『시대정신』28, 2005)

In addtion, our national history textbook says that Japanese imperialist exploited Korean labor force;In 1940's during war period, Koreans were taken to factories and mines, and was forced to work like slaves without paying them salary, among them were Koren women taken away in the name of Women's Brigate and they were made comfort women. and the number of the women reaches as much as several hundreds of thousands women, so decribe the textbook.
However, these stories are not facts. Many of you might be surprised but to make a long stroy short, these are stories made up hisotrians who wrote the textbook. Until 1960's there was no such a story. Entering into 70's, especially after the national textbook starting to emerge, the rough story like the above began to appear. I have not time to spend on it here, but if you are interested in the detail, please refer to the article " the myth of exploitationi by Japanese Imperialism" and "Zeit Geist"
....Yi yonfun? professor of Soel University)

http://naksung.re.kr/spboard/board.cgi?id=media&action=view&gul=241&page=2&go_cnt=0

via 木村幽閉記

see also link
via 日韓基本史料
................................................................................

Name 관리자

Subject (3) 식민지수탈론 vs 식민지근대화론

(3) 식민지수탈론 vs 식민지근대화론
<해방전후사 재인식> 특강 (3)
일본의 조선 동화정책이 낳은 조선 근대화
[이영훈 / 2006-06-21 12:08]

故 정주영 회장(좌) 故 이병철 회장(우)


자유주의에 기초한 새로운 역사인식과 민족주의에 기초한 낡은 역사인식은 1905-1945년간 일제하의 식민지기를 어떻게 이해할 것인가에서부터 크게 갈리고 있습니다. 현재 국사학계에서 주류를 점하고 있는 민족주의 역사인식은 일제가 대한제국의 국권을 침탈하고 조선의 토지와 식량과 자원과 노동력을 수탈함으로써 우리 민족의 생존권을 부정하고 우리 민족의 정상적인 발전의 길을 왜곡하였다고 주장하고 있습니다.

이를 가리켜 흔히 ‘식민지수탈론’이라고 합니다. 여기에는 역사를 계급적인 관점에서 착취관계로 인식하는 맑스주의적 역사학과 경제학이 큰 영향을 미쳤습니다. 가령 한국에서 근대적인 역사학과 경제학은 1930년대부터 시작했다고 말할 수 있는데, 그 초창기의 역사학자와 경제학자를 보면 대개 유물사관(唯物史觀)에 기초한 맑스주의자인 경우가 많았습니다.

수탈론을 좀더 구체적으로 소개하면 다음과 같습니다. 일제는 토지조사사업(1910-1918)을 실시함에 있어서 농민들로 하여금 소유 농지를 신고하게 하였습니다. 그런데 신고가 무엇인지 알지 못하는 농민들 가운데 신고 기한을 놓친 사람이 많았습니다. 그래서 물경 전국 농지의 4할이나 되는 많은 토지가 총독부의 소유지로 수탈되었으며, 이 토지는 일본에서 온 이민농민이나 동양척식주식회사와 같은 회사에 헐값으로 넘겨졌다는 것입니다. 지난 40년간 대한민국의 국사 교과서는 학생들에게 그렇게 가르쳐왔습니다.

또 국사 교과서에는 일제가 생산된 쌀의 절반을 빼앗아 일본으로 실어 날랐다고 되어 있습니다. 농사를 다 짓고 나면 일본 경찰과 헌병이 총칼을 들이대고 절반을 빼앗아간 것처럼, 그렇게 직접 쓰고 있지 않습니다만, 그렇게 해석될 수 있는 문맥으로 학생들을 가르쳐 왔습니다. 또 일제는 조선인의 노동력을 수탈하였다고 합니다. 1940년대의 전시기(戰時期)에 약 650만 명의 조선인을 전선으로 공장으로 탄광으로 강제 연행하였으며, 끌고 가서는 임금을 주지 않고 노예와 같이 부려먹었다는 것입니다. 그 가운데 조선의 처녀들이 있었습니다. 정신대(挺身隊)라는 명목으로 조선의 처녀들을 동원하여 일본군의 위안부로 삼았는데, 그 수가 수십 만에 이른다고 교과서는 기술하고 있습니다.

그런데 이런 이야기들은 모두 사실이 아닙니다. 깜짝 놀랄 분들이 많으시겠지만, 거두절미하고 말한다면 이런 이야기들은 모두 교과서를 쓴 역사학자들이 지어낸 이야기입니다. 해방 이후의 역사 교과서를 검토해 보면 1960년대까지는 이러한 이야기가 없었습니다. 그러다가 1970년대에 들어와, 특히 1974년 이후 국정교과서 체제로 넘어가면서, 위와 같이 난폭한 서술들이 교과서에 등장하기 시작하였습니다. 이에 대해 여기서 더 이상 자세히 설명할 겨를이 없습니다만, 궁금하신 분은 저의 이전 논문을 참조하시기 바랍니다.(이영훈, 「국사 교과서에 그려진 일제의 수탈상과 그 신화성」, 『시대정신』28, 2005)

앞서 소개하였듯이 수탈론은 1930년대부터 있었습니다. 그런데 그 때의 수탈은 일종의 이론적인 것으로서 맑스주의적 수탈이었습니다. 그런데 1970년대부터의 수탈은 아무런 대가를 지불하지 않고 그냥 폭력적으로 뺏아가는 문자 그대로 벌거벗은 약탈이라고 할 수 있습니다. 그렇지만 그것은 사실이 아닙니다. 그러한 벌거벗은 약탈로서 수탈론이 1970년대부터 교과서에 등장한 것은 한국의 역사학계가 아직 일제하의 식민지기를 과학적으로 인식할 능력과 자세가 부족함을 의미하고 있습니다.

정당한 대가를 지불하지 않고 토지와 쌀을 빼앗가면 그 결과가 어떻게 되겠습니까. 마치 풍선에서 바람이 빠져나가듯이 경제는 위축될 수밖에 없습니다. 이는 너무나 당연한 사실이어서 굳이 증명할 수고조차 필요 없을 정도로 명백한 사실입니다. 그에 따라 사람들은 점점 가난해집니다. 인구는 줄게 되지요.

그런데 사실은 어떠하였습니까. 정반대였습니다. 1910년의 조선인 인구는 대략 1600-1700만 정도였습니다. 1940년에는 2400만이었습니다. 일본과 만주로 나간 사람을 합하면 2600만 정도였습니다. 불과 30년의 짧은 기간에 50% 이상 인구가 증대하였는데, 이러한 인구증가 현상은 경제가 찌그러지고 있었다면 상상할 수 없는 일이지요.

그 밖에 경제사 연구자들의 정밀한 통계적 추정에 의하면, 식민지기 1910-1940년간에 걸쳐 한반도의 총소득은 연평균 3.7%의 속도로 지속적으로 성장하였습니다. 그 정도는 당시 세계적으로 높은 수준이었습니다. 20세기 전반 세계자본주의는 정체와 위기의 시대였습니다. 그래서 선진국이라 해도 대개 2% 전후의 낮은 성장률을 보였습니다. 그런데 일본만이 유독 3-4%의 높은 성장률을 보였는데, 우리 한반도가 일본의 영토로 편입되어 있었던 연고로 일본 본토와 마찬가지로 그 정도의 경제성장률을 보였던 것입니다.

여러분은 벌써 저의 이야기에 불쾌감과 짜증을 느낄지 모릅니다. 그렇지만 냉정하게 생각해 보십시오. 가령 대한민국이란 나라가 있는데 전라도는 연평균 4% 성장하고 경상도는 연평균 -4%로 후퇴하는 일이 있을 수 없지요. 마찬가지 원리입니다. 한반도는 일본제국의 한 부분으로서 일제의 영토가 되고 말았습니다. 한 영토가 된 것을 두고 역사학자들이 식민지라고 이야기하고 있을 따름입니다. 바로 그 이유로 일본이 경제성장한 것과 꼭 같은 정도로 한반도에서도 경제성장이 있게 된 것입니다.

어떻게 해서 그렇게 되었을까요. 일본으로 쌀을 실어 날랐던 것이 아니라 일본으로 쌀을 수출하였기 때문입니다. 당시에는 수출이 아니라 ‘이출’(移出)이라 하였습니다. 어쨌든 일본의 쌀값이 조선보다 높아서 시장원리에 따라 일본으로 수출된 것이지요. 그 결과 수출한 농민이나 지주에게는 수출소득이 발생하게 됩니다. 국내에서 쌀을 처분했을 때보다 더 많은 소득이 발생하지요. 그러면 경제가 성장하는 것입니다. 그 수출대금으로 일본에서 면제품과 같은 공산품도 수입하고, 만주로부터 모자라는 식량도 사들이고, 은행과 회사에 투자도 하고, 공장도 짓고 하는 것입니다.

이러한 경제적 변화를 제대로 알기 위해 우리는 일제가 한반도 조선을 식민지로 지배한 목적이나 방식부터 올바로 알 필요가 있습니다. 일제가 한반도를 식민지로 지배한 기본 목적은 이른바 ‘영구병합’이었습니다. 일제가 남긴 통치사료를 보면 ‘영구병합’이란 말이 지겨울 정도로 자주 나옵니다. 영구히 일본의 영토로 삼겠다는 것이지요. 일본사람들은 여기에 한 20, 30년간 살다가 돌아갈려고 온 것이 결코 아닙니다. 영구히 살려고 왔습니다. 이 점을 똑바로 응시할 필요가 있습니다.

‘영구병합’의 목적을 달성하기 위해서는 어떻게 해야겠습니까. 무엇보다 조선의 사회와 경제를 일본과 같은 것으로 동화시킬 필요가 있습니다. 그런 목적에서 일제는 자기 나라의 법과 제도를 식민지 조선에 이식하였습니다. 그래야 일본인들이 조선으로 넘어와서 자기 나라처럼 불편없이 편안하게 살 것 아닙니까. 조선인들에 대해서는 그 문화와 정신을 빼앗아 일본인으로 만들어야 영구히 병합할 수 있습니다. 그렇기 하기 위해 조선의 문화와 정신을 그대로 두어서는 안되지요. 새로운 문화와 정신을 도입해서 조선인을 일본인으로 바꿀 필요가 있었습니다. 그럴 목적에서 일제는 근대적인 법과 제도를 조선에 이식하였던 것입니다.

그 대표적인 것이 1912년에 발포된 조선민사령(朝鮮民事令)입니다. 이때 시행된 일본의 민법은 지금도 대한민국의 민법으로 이어지고 있습니다. 두 법을 놓고 보면 당초의 표현이 순서까지도 변하지 않고 있는 것이 많습니다. 그런데 근대적인 민법의 핵심 원리는 무엇입니까. 그에 대해 민법학자들은 ‘사적(私的) 자유의 원칙’을 이야기합니다. 좀더 구체적으로 설명하면 인간은 국가나 다른 사람에게 구속되지 않은 자유로운 존재로서 그 사회생활과 경제생활은 자신의 자유로운 의사에 따른다는 것입니다. 이는 재산권제도와 관련하여 첫째 ‘소유권 절대의 원칙’으로 나타납니다. 소유권은 절대적으로 불가침이며, 국가도 이를 임의적으로 침해하거나 제한할 수 없다는 것입니다.

둘째는 ‘계약자유의 원칙’입니다. 이는 재산권을 양도하거나 처분함에 있어서 소유자의 자유의사에 기초한 계약만이 법적으로 유효하다는 것입니다. 앞서도 지적하였습니다만, 오늘날 대한민국의 국민들이 향유하고 있는 재산권제도는 바로 여기에서 출발하고 있습니다. 일제는 조선의 사회와 경제를 통합하는 정치원리에서 민주주의와 자유주의를 도입하지는 않았습니다. 일본 자신이 자유민주주의를 아직 몰랐다고 할 수 있습니다. 그들은 가족주의적이며 전체주의적인 정치원리를 천황제의 형태로 발달시켰습니다.

일본이 자유민주주의의 정치원리를 이해하고 실천하는 것은 미국에 의해 천황제 군국주의가 해체된 1945년 이후부터입니다. 그렇지만 일제는 천황제라는 정치체제 하에서 사회생활과 경제생활의 원리로서 근대적인 민법을 서유럽에서 도입하여 자기식으로 정착시켰습니다. 그래서 크게 보아 명치유신(明治維新) 이후의 일본을 근대사회라고 부르지요. 그 서유럽 기원의 근대의 요소가 식민지기에 조선에 이식된 것입니다. 바로 식민지 조선을 영구히 일본 제국의 영토로 편입하고 병합하고 나아가 동화시킬 목적에서였습니다.

경제적인 측면의 동화정책에 대해 좀더 설명하겠습니다. 근대적인 민법과 상법이 이식된 식민지 조선은 결국 일본과 하나의 시장으로 통합되었습니다. 1920년까지 모든 관세가 폐지되었습니다. 자본과 상품이 오고가는 데 장애가 없어졌습니다. 그에 따라 두 지역간의 무역이 크게 발전하였습니다. 무역이 발달하면 어떻게 됩니까. 여러분도 잘 아시다시피 1960년대 이후 한국경제는 수출 무역을 주도로 고도성장을 하였습니다. 마찬가지입니다. 무역이 늘면 경제는 성장을 하게 됩니다.

경제란 가계와 기업 간의 재화와 노동력과 소득의 흐름이지요. 여기다 수출과 수입이 더해지면 순환의 규모가 커지게 되지요. 경제성장이 지속되고 일인당 소득수준도 증가합니다. 그 과정에서 일본으로부터 자본이 들어와서 조선의 농토를 개간하고 공장을 지었습니다. 그렇게 일본인이 주체가 된 경제성장이었습니다. 그렇게 자꾸 자본이 들어와서 경제성장이 지속되면 결국 어떻게 됩니까? 조선의 토지와 지하자원과 공업시설은 점점 일본인의 소유가 됩니다. 바로 이런 것이 경제학적으로 말해 진정한 의미의 식민지적 수탈이지요.

빼앗아 간 것이 아니라 투자를 하여 한반도의 경제적 자원을 일본인의 소유로 만들어 가는 것입니다. 바로 그 점에서 영구병합과 동화정책에 따른 실질적인 수탈의 무서운 결과를 보게 됩니다. 다시 말합니다만 사기와 폭력으로 인민의 재산을 빼앗는 것은 고대의 약탈국가나 중세의 정복국가들이 하는 짓입니다. 일제는 그러한 야만의 국가가 아니었습니다. 그들은 근대사회였고 근대국가였습니다. 그들은 한반도를 영구히 일본 영토로 편입하고자 하였으며, 그 목적으로 투자를 하였던 것입니다.

역설적으로 들릴지 모르겠습니다만, 그러한 식민지적 수탈의 결과로 조선의 사회와 경제도 근대화하기 시작했습니다. 일본인들이 공장을 짓고 농장을 세우면 조선인들이 노동자로 또 소작농으로 고용됩니다. 그에 따라 조선인의 소득이 증가하기 시작합니다. 뿐만 아니라 조선인 가운데서도 일본인을 본받아서 공장을 짓고 기업가로 성장하는 계층이 발생합니다. 앞서 근대 민법의 기본 정신을 말했습니다. 사적 자유의 원칙이지요. 조선인에게도 그러한 사적 자유의 원칙이 적용됩니다. 그래야 동화니까요.

그런데 전체 인구의 2-3%에 불과한 일본인이 조선의 모든 토지와 자원을 다 소유할 수 있습니까? 절대적으로는 여전히 조선인 소유의 재산이 많았습니다. 그리하여 조선인 자산가 가운데 일본인에게 배우고 또 일본에 유학하여 상급학교를 졸업한 근대적인 인간집단이 생겨나는 것입니다. 오늘날의 삼성그룹과 현대그룹을 창업한 이병철 선생과 정주영 선생도 모두 식민지기에 기업을 일으킨 사람들입니다.

1939년 말이 되면 그렇게 조선인으로서 공장을 경영하고 있는 사람의 수가 일본인보다 많게 4천 명을 넘게 됩니다. 근대화의 주역은 어디까지나 일본인이었지만, 다수의 조선인들도 거기에 슬슬 참가하기 시작한 것이지요. 근대로부터 차별당하면서 근대를 학습하고 근대를 실천하기 시작한 것지요. 그렇게 생겨난 근대적인 인적자본을 토대로 하여 나중에 일제가 이 땅에서 물러갔을 때 이 땅에 우리 힘으로 근대경제와 근대사회와 근대국가를 건설할 수 있었던 것입니다.

인간의 이성으로 역사의 우연을 다 알 수는 없습니다. 일제가 영구병합하고자 동화정책을 펼친 결과가 그렇게 될 줄이야 누가 알았겠습니까. 그런 것을 두고 역사의 간지(奸智)라 하는지 모르겠습니다. 그렇게 일제가 조선을 식민지로 지배한 역사의 의의를 근대적인 법과 제도의 이식을 통한 조선의 근대화에서 찾는 학설을 가리켜 ‘식민지근대화론’이라 합니다.

지금 방송을 하고 있는 저와 같이 주로 경제사를 연구하는 사람들이 그런 주장을 하기 시작하였는데, 어느덧 알게 모르게 저희들을 비판하는 사람들이 그러한 이름을 붙여주더군요. ‘식민지근대화론’에 관해, 곧 식민지기에 있었던 경제적 변화에 대해, 보다 자세하게 알고 싶은 분은 『해방전후사의 재인식』1권에 실린 김낙년의「식민지 시기의 공업화 재론」과 주익종의「식민지 시기의 생활수준」이란 두 논문을 참조하시길 바랍니다. 저의 성급한 설명보다 훨씬 자세하고 유익한 설명을 거기서 들을 수 있습니다.

이영훈 (서울대 교수, 『해방전후사의 재인식』 공동편집자)

*이영훈 교수의 <해방전후사의 재인식 특강>은 EBS 라디오 홈페이지(다시듣기)에서 들을 수 있습니다.



DATE: 2006.08.03 -

魚拓

< 解放戦後史 再認識> 特講 (3)
日本の 朝鮮 同化政策が 生んだ 朝鮮 近代化
[ イ・ヨンフン / 2006-06-21 12:08]

故 鄭周永 会長( 左) 故 イ・ビョンチョル 会長( 右)


自由主義に 基礎した 新しい 歴史認識と 民族主義に 基礎した 古い 歴史認識は 1905-1945 年間 日帝下の 殖民知己を どうに 理解する ゴッインがから 大きく 変わって あります. 現在 国史学界で 主類を 占めて ある 民族主義 歴史認識は 日製が 大韓帝国の 国権を 侵奪して 朝鮮の 土地と 食糧と 資源と 労動力を 収奪することで 私たち 民族の 生存権を 不正で 私たち 民族の 正常な 発展の 汲む 歪曲したと 主張して あります.

これを 示して よく ‘植民地収奪では’と します. ここには 歴史を 階級的な 観点で 搾取関係で 認識する マックスズウィゾック 史学と 経済学が 大きい 影響を 及びました. 加令 韓国で 近代的な 史学と 経済学は 1930 年代から 始めたと 言う 数 あるのに, 彼 創始期の 歴史学者と エコノミストを 見れば 大概 唯物史観( 唯物史観) に 基礎した マックスズウィザである 場合が 多かったです.

収奪論を もうちょっと 具体的に 紹介すれば 次と ようです. 日製は 土地調査事業(1910-1918) を 実施するに あって 農民たちで とって 所有 農地を 届けるように しました. ところが 新高価 何か 分かるの できない 農民たち 中 申告 期限を 逃した 人が 多かったです. そのため ムルギョング 全国 農地の 4 割や なる 多い 土地が 総督府の 所有地で 収奪されたし, これ 土地は 日本で 来た 移民農民や 東洋拓殖株式会社と ような 会社に 捨値で 越されたという のです. 去る 40 年間 大韓民国の 国史 教科書は 学生たちに そうに 教えて来ました.

また 国史 教科書には 日製が 生産された 米の 半分を 奪って 日本で 失語 運んだと なって あります. 農業を だ 作って 出れば 日本 警察と 憲兵が 銃刀を 突き付けて 半分を 奪った ように, そうに 直接 使って あるの ないですが, そうに 解釈される 数 ある 文脈で 学生たちを 教えて 来ました. また 日製は 朝鮮人の 労動力を 収奪したと します. 1940 年代の 展示期( 戦時期) に 薬 650 万 名医 朝鮮人を 電線で 工場で 炭鉱で 強制 連行したし, ひいて 行っては 賃金を 主旨 なくて 奴隷と 一緒に こき使ったという のです. 彼 中 朝鮮の 娘たちが ありました. 従軍慰安婦( 挺身隊) という 名目で 朝鮮の 娘たちを 動員して 日本軍の 慰安婦で したが, 彼 数価 数十 万に 早いと 教科書は 記述して あります.

ところが こういう 話は 皆 事実が いいえ. びっくり 驚く 方々が 多いが, 要点のみを述べることして 言ったら こういう 話は 皆 教科書を 使った 歴史学者たちが 作り出した 話です. 解放 以後の 歴史 教科書を 検討して 見れば 1960 年代までは このような 話が なかったです. そうしてから 1970 年代に 入って来て, 特に 1974 年 以後 国定教科書 体制で 移りながら, 上と 一緒に 荒っぽい 敍述たちが 教科書に 登場すること 始めました. これに 大海 ここで もっと 以上 詳らかに 説明する 暇が ないですが, 知りたい 分は 底意 以前 論文を 参照すること 望みます.( イ・ヨンフン, 「国史 教科書に 描かれた 日製の 収奪上と 彼 神話性」, 『時代精神』28, 2005)

先に進んで 紹介したように 収奪論は 1930 年代から ありました. ところが 彼 時の 収奪は 一種の 理論的な こととして マックスズウィゾック 収奪でした. ところが 1970 年代からの 収奪は 何らの 対価を 支払うの なくて そのまま 暴力的に ペッアがは 文字 そのまま 裸になった 掠奪だと 割 数 あります. そうだが それは 事実が いいえ. そういう 裸になった 掠奪として 収奪論が 1970 年代から 教科書に 登場した のは 韓国の 歴史学界が まだ 日帝下の 殖民知己を 科学的に 認識する 能力と 姿勢が 不足さを 意味して あります.

正当な 対価を 支払うの なくて 土地と 米を ペアッがなら 彼 結果が どうに なりますか. まるで 風船で 望むことが 抜けるように 経済は 萎縮する 数しか ないです. おこる あまりにも 当たり前な 事実なので 敢えて 証明する 手数さえ 必要 ない 位に 明白な 事実です. 彼に よって 人々は ますます 貧乏になります. 人口は 与える なりますね.

ところが 事実は どうでしたか. 正反対でした. 1910 年の 朝鮮人 人口は 大略 1600-1700 万 位でした. 1940 年には 2400 万でした. 日本と 満洲で 出た 人を 合わせれば 2600 万 位でした. 不過 30 年の 短い 期間に 50% 以上 人口が 増大したが, このような 人口増加 現象は 経済家 潰れて あったら 想像する 数 ない 仕事ですね.

彼 外に 経済史 研究者たちの 精緻な 統計的 推定に よれば, 殖民知己 1910-1940 年間に かけて 韓半島の 総所得は 年平均 3.7% 義 速度で 持続的に 成長しました. 彼 位は 当時 世界的に 高い 水準でした. 20 世紀 全般 世界資本注意は 正体と 危機の 時代でした. そのため 先進国だから しても 大概 2% 前後の 低い 成長率を 見えました. ところが 日本だけが 有毒 3-4% 義 高い 成長率を 見えたが, 私たち 韓半島が 日本の 領土で 編入されて あった 軟膏で 日本 本土と 同じく 彼 位の 経済成長率を 見えた のです.

皆さんは もう 底意 話に 不快感と かんのむしを 感じるか 分からないです. そうだが 冷情に 思って 見てください. 加令 大韓民国と言う(のは) 国が あるのに 全羅道は 年平均 4% 成長して 慶尚道は 年平均 -4% 路 後退する 仕事が ある 数 ないですね. 同じ 原理です. 韓半島は 日本帝国の たいてい 部分として 日製の 領土が なって 巻きました. たいてい 領土が なった のを 置いて 歴史学者たちが 植民地と 話して ある だけです. ところで 彼 理由で 日本が 経済成長した のと 必ず ような 位に 韓半島でも 経済成長が あるように なった のです.

どうに 真書 そうに なったんでしょうか. 日本で 米を 失語 運んだ のが なく 日本で 米を 輸出した だからです. 当時には 輸出が なく ‘移出’( 移出) 載せなさい しました. とにかく 日本の 米代が 朝鮮より 高くて 市場原理に よって 日本で 輸出された のですね. 彼 結果 輸出した 農民や 地主には 輸出所得が 発生するように なります. 国内で 米を 処分した 時より もっと 多い 所得が 発生しますね. それでは 経済家 成長する のです. 彼 輸出代金で 日本で 綿製品と ような 工産品も 輸入して, 満洲から 足りない 食糧も 仕こんで, 銀行と 会社に 投資も して, 工場渡 作って する のです.

このような 経済的 変化を まともに 分かること のために 私たちは 日製が 韓半島 朝鮮を 植民地で 支配した 目的や 方式から 正しく 卵 必要が あります. 日製が 韓半島を 植民地で 支配した 基本 目的は のぼったところ ‘永久併合’でした. 日製が 残した 統治史料を 見れば ‘永久併合’と言う(のは) 言葉が うんざりする 位に 自主 出ます. 永久に 日本の 領土で するという のですね. 日本の人々は ここに たいてい 20, 30 年間 住んで行って 帰ろうと 来た のが 決して いいえ. 永久に 暮そうと 来ました. これ 点を 真っすぐ 見つめる 必要が あります.

‘永久併合’の 目的を 果たすこと ためには どうに しなければなりませんか. 何より 朝鮮の 社会と 経済を 日本と ような ので 同化させる 必要が あります. そんな 目的で 日製は 自分 国の 法と 制度を 植民地 朝鮮に 移植しました. そうなの 日本人たちが 朝鮮で 越えて来て 自分 国のように 不便なしに 楽に 肉 の ないですか. 朝鮮人たちに 大海は 彼 文化と 精神を 奪って 日本人で 作ると 永久に 竝合する 数 あります. そうだ 夏期 のために 朝鮮の 文化と 精神を そのまま 置いては だめですね. 新しい 文化と 精神を 取り入れて 朝鮮人を 日本人で 変える 必要が ありました. そうな 目的で 日製は 近代的な 法と 制度を 朝鮮に 移植した のです.

彼 代表的な のが 1912 年に 発砲された 朝鮮民事領( 朝鮮民事令) です. この時 施行された 日本の 民法は 今も 大韓民国の 民法で つながって あります. 二 法を おいて 見れば 最初の 表現が 手順までも 変わるの なくて ある のが 多いです. ところが 近代的な 民法の 核心 原理は 何ですか. 彼に 大海 民法学者たちは ‘史蹟( 私的) 自由の 原則’を 話します. もうちょっと 具体的に 説明すれば 人間は 国家や 違う 人に 拘束されるの ない 自由な 存在として 彼 社会生活科 経済生活は 自分の 自由な 意思に よるという のです. おこる 財産権制度と 関して 第一 ‘所有権 絶対の 原則’で 現われます. 所有権は 絶対的に 不可侵で, 国家も これを 任意的に 侵害するとか 制限する 数 ないという のです.

二番目は ‘契約自由の 原則’です. おこる 財産権を 譲渡するとか 処分するに あって 持ち主の 自由意思に 基礎した 契約だけが 法的に 有效だという のです. 先に進んでも 指摘したんですが, 今日 大韓民国の 国民が 享受して ある 財産権制度は ところで ここで 出発して あります. 日製は 朝鮮の 社会と 経済を 統合する 政治原理で デモクラシーと 自由主義を 取り入れる なかったです. 日本 自分が 自由民主主義を まだ 分からなかったと 割 数 あります. 彼らは 家族主義的で 全体主義的な 政治原理を 天皇制の 形態で 発達させました.

日本が 自由民主主義の 政治原理を 理解して 実践する のは アメリカに 義解 天皇制 ミリタリズムが 解体された 1945 年 以後からです. そうだが 日製は 天皇制という 政治体制 下で 社会生活科 経済生活の 原理として 近代的な 民法を 西ヨーロッパで 取り入れて 自己流で 定着させました. そのため 大きく BoA 明治維新( 明治維新) 以後の 日本を 近代社会と 呼びますね. 彼 西ヨーロッパ 祈願の 近代の 要素が 殖民知己に 朝鮮に 移植された のです. ところで 植民地 朝鮮を 永久に 日本 帝国の 領土で 編入して 竝合して 進んで 同化させる モックゾックエソでした.

経済的な 側面の 同化政策に 大海 もうちょっと 説明します. 近代的な 民法と 商法が 移植された 植民地 朝鮮は 結局 日本と 一つの 市場で 統合されました. 1920 年まで あらゆる 関税が 廃止されました. 資本と 商品が 行き来する ところ 障害が 消えました. 彼に よって 二 地域間の 貿易が 大きく 発展しました. 貿易が 発達すれば どうに なりますか. 皆さんも 寝る おわかりの通り 1960 年代 以後 韓国経済は 輸出 貿易を 主導で 高度成長を しました. 同じです. 貿易が 増えれば 経済は 成長を するように なります.

経済欄 家計と 企業 簡儀 財貨と 労動力と 所得の 流れですね. ここに 輸出と 収入が 加われば 循環の 規模が 大きくなるように なりますね. 経済成長が 持続して 一人当たり 所得水準も 増加します. 彼 過程で 日本から 資本が 入って来て 朝鮮の 農土を 開墾して 工場を 作りました. そうに 日本人が 主体が なった 経済成長でした. そうに しきりに 資本が 入って来て 経済成長が 持続すれば 結局 どうに なりますか? 朝鮮の 土地と 地下資源と 工業施設は ますます 日本人の 所有が なります. ところで こういう のが 経済学的に 言って 真の 意味の 植民地的 収奪ですね.

奪って 間 のが なく 投資を して 韓半島の 経済的 資源を 日本人の 所有で 作って 行く のです. ところで 彼 点で 永久併合と 同化政策に よった 実質的な 収奪の 恐ろしい 結果を 見るように なります. 再び 言いますが 詐欺と 暴力で 人民の 財産を 奪う のは 古代の 掠奪国家や 中世の 征服国家たちが する 仕業です. 日製は そういう 野党だけの 国家が なかったです. 彼らは 近代社会だったし 近代国家でした. 彼らは 韓半島を 永久に 日本 領土で 編入しようと したし, 彼 目的に 投資を した のです.

逆説的に 聞こえるか 分からないですが, そういう 植民地的 収奪の 結果で 朝鮮の 社会と 経済も 近代化すること 始めました. 日本人たちが 工場を 作って 農場を 立てれば 朝鮮人たちが 労動者で また 小作農で 雇用されます. 彼に よって 朝鮮人の 所得が 増加すること 始めます. だけ なく 朝鮮人 中にも 日本人を 模範として 工場を 作って 企業家で 成長する 階層が 発生します. 先に進んで 近代 民法の 基本 精神を 言いました. 史蹟 自由の 原則ですね. 朝鮮人にも そういう 史蹟 自由の 原則が 適用されます. そうなの 童話だから.

ところが 全体 人口の 2-3% に 過ぎない 日本人が 朝鮮の あらゆる 土地と 資源を だ 所有する 数 ありますか? 絶対的には 相変らず 朝鮮人 所有の 財産が 多かったです. そんなにして 朝鮮人 資産家 中 日本人に 学んで また 日本に 留学して 上級学校を 卒業した 近代的な 人間集団が できる のです. 今日の 三星グループと 現代グループを 創業した イ・ビョンチョル 先生と 鄭周永 先生も 皆 殖民知己に 企業を 起こした 人々です.

1939 年 言葉が なれば そうに 朝鮮人として 工場を 経営して ある 人の 数価 日本人より 多く 4 布地 人を 過ぎるように なります. 近代化の 主役は どこまでも 日本人だったが, 多数の 朝鮮人たちも そこに そろそろ 参加すること 始めた のですね. 近代から 差別されながら 近代を 学習して 近代を 実践すること 始めた ゴッジです. そうに できた 近代的な ヒューマンキャピタルを 土台で して 後ほど 日製が これ 地で 退いた 時 これ 地に 私たち 力で 近代経済と 近代社会と 近代国家を 建設する 数 あった のです.

人間の 理性で 歴史の 偶然を だ 卵 数は ないです. 日製が 永久併合しようと 同化政策を 広げた 結果が そうに なる とはだ 誰が 分かったんですか. そんな のを 置いて 歴史の 悪知恵( 奸智) だと するのか 分からないです. そうに 日製が 朝鮮を 植民地で 支配した 歴史の 意義を 近代的な 法と 制度の 移植を 通恨 朝鮮の 近代化で 捜す 学説を 示して ‘殖民至近対話では’と します.

今 放送を して ある 私と 一緒に 走路 経済史を 研究する 人々が そんな 主張を 夏期 始めたが, いつのまにか 分かるように 分からなく 私どもを 批判する 人々が そういう 名前を 付けてくれますね. ‘殖民至近対話では’に 関して, すなわち 殖民知己に あった 経済的 変化に 大海, 見る 詳しく 分かって たい 分は 『解放戦後史の 再認識』1 圏に 積まれた ギムナックニョンの「植民地 時期の 工業化 再論」と 主翼種の「植民地 時期の 生活水準」と言う(のは) 二 論文を 参照するのを 望みます. 底意 性急な 説明より ずっと 詳しくて 有益な 説明を そこで 聞く 数 あります.

イ・ヨンフン ( ソウル大 教授, 『解放戦後史の 再認識』 共同編集者)

* イ・ヨンフン 教授の < 解放戦後史の 再認識 特講> 銀 EBS ラジオ ホームページ( 再び聞き取り) で 聞く 数 あります.



DATE: 2006.08.03

"Abe needlessly fans the flames,"By FRANCIS FUKUYAMA,---is he?

Read it.

I am not a fan of Abe, I think Koizumi was much better.
I want Abe to concentrate on economic issue, and the alliance with the US and other countries strictly on business basis, rather than talking about patriotism.

But as for Abe needlessly fanning the flames, I have an objection.
Isn't is journalism and people like Fukuyama that fan the flames?
He talks about Yasukuni, of which issue Abe subdued.
He talks about Watanabe, Japanese rightist, but he has little to do with Abe.
He talks about the comparison between Germany and Japan, but it is ungrounded.

基礎からわかる「慰安婦問題」 読売新聞

I hope somebody will translate the article.
(UPDATE
see also Were “Comfort Women” Actually “Forcibly Taken away to War Zones” against Their Will? via Anpontan)



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Comfort station originated in govt-regulated 'civilian prostitution'

The Yomiuri Shimbun

Controversy over the so-called comfort women has been inflamed again. The U.S. House of Representatives has been deliberating a draft resolution calling for the Japanese government to apologize over the matter by spurning the practice as slavery and human trafficking. Why has such a biased view of the issue prevailed? The Yomiuri Shimbun carried in-depth reports on the issue Tuesday. The writers are Masanobu Takagi, Hiroaki Matsunaga and Emi Yamada of the political news department. Starting today, The Daily Yomiuri will carry the stories in three installments.


To discuss the comfort women issue, it is indispensable to understand the social background of the time when prostitution was authorized and regulated by the government in Japan. Prostitution was tacitly permitted in limited areas up until 1957, when the law to prevent prostitution was enforced.

Comfort women received remuneration in return for sexual services at so-called comfort stations for military officers and soldiers. According to an investigation report publicized by the government on Aug. 4, 1993, on the issue of comfort women recruited into sexual service for the Japanese military, there is a record mentioning the establishment of such a brothel in Shanghai around 1932, and additional similar facilities were established in other parts of China occupied by the Imperial Japanese Army.

Some of them were under the direct supervision of the military authorities, but many of the brothels catering to soldiers were privately operated.

Modern historian Ikuhiko Hata, a former professor at Nihon University, says the comfort women system should be defined as the "battleground version of civilian prostitution."

Comfort women were not treated as "paramilitary personnel," unlike jugun kangofu (military nurses) and jugun kisha (military correspondents). During the war, comfort women were not called "jugun ianfu" (prostitutes for troops). Use of such generic terminology spread after the war. The latter description is said to have been used by writer Kako Senda (1924-2000) in his book titled "Jugun Ianfu" published in 1973. Thereafter, the usage of jugun ianfu prevailed.

In addition to Japanese women, women from the Korean Peninsula and Taiwan, both then under Japanese colonial rule, and China, the Philippines, Indonesia and other countries invaded by the Imperial Japanese Army were recruited as comfort women.

Hata estimates that 40 percent of the wartime comfort women were Japanese, 30 percent Chinese and other nationalities and 20 percent Korean.

The total number of comfort women has yet to be determined exactly.

According to a report compiled by Radhika Coomaraswany of the U.N. Commission on Human Rights in 1996, there were 200,000 comfort women from the Korean Peninsula alone. The figure in the report was based on information Coomaraswany had obtained in North Korea. But this report contained many factual errors, and its quoted sources lacked impartiality. Foreign Minister Taro Aso rejected the figure of 200,000 as "lacking objective evidence."

The reasons cited for the need for comfort women and wartime brothels are as follows:

-- To prevent military officers and soldiers from raping women and committing other sex crimes in occupied areas.

-- To prevent venereal disease from spreading through troops who would otherwise contact local prostitutes who did not receive periodic medical checks.

-- To prevent military secrets from being leaked by limiting the women who provided sexual services to officers and soldiers to recruited comfort women.

Such a system and the use of wartime brothels generally are not limited only to the Imperial Japanese military.

The U.S. troops that occupied Japan after the war used brothels provided by the Japanese side. There was a case in which U.S. military officials asked the Japanese authorities to provide women for sexual services. During the Vietnam War, brothels similar to those established for the former Japanese military were available to U.S. troops, a U.S. woman journalist has pointed out.

Hata said: "There were wartime brothels also for the German troops during World War II. Some women were forced into sexual slavery. South Korean troops had brothels during the Korean War, according to a finding by a South Korean researcher."
(Mar. 30, 2007)yomiuri

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■基礎からわかる「慰安婦問題」（解説） ：読売新聞　2007年3月27日付　17面
　いわゆる従軍慰安婦問題をめぐる論議が再び蒸し返されている。米下院では、慰安婦問題を「奴隷制」「人身売買」になぞらえ、日本政府に謝罪などを求める対日決議案の審議が進んでいる。どうしてこうした曲解が広がってきたのか。あらためて論点を整理する。 （政治部・高木雅信、松永宏朗、山田恵美）



◆公娼制度の戦地版
　慰安婦問題を論議するためには、「公娼制度」が認められていた当時の社会状況を理解しておくことが欠かせない。公娼制度とは売春を公的に管理する制度で、戦後も１９５７年の売春防止法施行まで、いわゆる赤線地帯に限って売春が黙認されていた。
　慰安婦は、戦時中に軍専用の「慰安所」と呼ばれる施設で対価を得て将兵の相手をしていた女性のことだ。政府が９３年８月４日に発表した調査報告書「いわゆる従軍慰安婦問題について」によると、３２年（昭和７年）ごろ中国・上海に慰安所が設けられた記録があり、４５年（昭和２０年）の終戦まで旧日本軍が駐屯していた各地に広がった。軍直営の慰安所もあったが、多くは民間業者により経営されていた。現代史家の秦郁彦氏（元日大教授）は、慰安婦を「戦前の日本に定着していた公娼制度の戦地版と位置づけるべきだ」と指摘する。
　慰安婦は、従軍看護婦や従軍記者らのように「軍属」扱いされることはなく、「従軍慰安婦」という呼称は存在しなかった。その呼称が広まったのは戦後のことで、作家の千田夏光氏が７３年に出版した「従軍慰安婦」 の影響が大きかった。
　慰安婦となったのは、日本人のほか、当時は日本の植民地だった朝鮮半島や台湾の出身者、旧日本軍が進出していた中国、フィリピン、インドネシアなどの現地女性が確認されている。秦氏の推計によると、慰安婦の約４割は日本人で、中国などの女性が約３割、朝鮮半島出身者は約２割だったとされる。
　ただし、正確な総数は不明だ。９６年に国連人権委員会のラディカ・クマラスワミ特別報告者がまとめた報告書には、北朝鮮で受けた説明として、朝鮮半島出身者だけで「２０万人」と記載されている。ただ、同報告は事実関係の誤りや情報の出所の偏りが多く、この数字についても、日本政府は「客観的根拠を欠く」（麻生外相）と否定している。

慰安婦や慰安所を必要とした理由は、


〈１〉占領地の女性の強姦など将兵の性犯罪を防ぐ
〈２〉検診を受けていない現地の売春婦と接することで軍隊内に性病が広がることを防ぐ
〈３〉将兵の接する女性を限定し、軍事上の秘密が漏れることを防ぐ
――ためとされている。
　こうした制度や施設の存在は、旧日本軍だけの特別な事例ではなかった。戦後、日本に進駐した米軍は日本側の用意した慰安施設を利用した。米軍関係者が日本当局者に女性の提供を要求したケースもあった。また、ベトナム戦争の際に旧日本軍とそっくりな慰安所が設けられていたことも、米女性ジャーナリストによって指摘されている。
　このほか、秦氏によれば「第２次大戦中はドイツ軍にも慰安所があった。しかも、女性が強制的に慰安婦にさせられたケースもあった。韓国軍も朝鮮戦争当時、慰安所を持っていたことが韓国人研究者の調べでわかった」という。


◆強制連行の資料なし
　問題が蒸し返される根底には、官憲による組織的な「強制連行」があったという誤解が十分には解消されていないことがある。政府は、「旧日本軍は慰安所の設置や管理に直接関与した」として、旧軍が「関与」したことは率直に認めている。ただし、ここで言う「関与」とは、
〈１〉開設の許可
〈２〉施設整備
〈３〉利用時間や料金を定めた慰安所規定の作成
〈４〉軍医による検査
――などを指すものだ。一方で、慰安婦の強制連行については「公的資料の中には、強制連行を直接示す記述はない」（９７年３月１８日の内閣外政審議室長の国会答弁）と明確に否定している。これを覆す確かな資料はその後も見つかっていない。
　「強制連行はあった」という見方が広がるきっかけとなったのが、８３年に元「労務報国会下関支部動員部長」を名乗る吉田清治氏が出版した「私の戦争犯罪」という本 だ。吉田氏は、済州島（韓国）で“慰安婦狩り”にかかわった経験があるとして、「泣き叫ぶ女を両側から囲んで、腕をつかんでつぎつぎに路地に引きずり出してきた」などと生々しく記述した。しかし、この本は９０年代半ばには研究者によって信憑性が否定され、安倍首相も０７年３月５日の参院予算委員会で、「朝日新聞（の報道）だったと思うが、吉田清治という人が慰安婦狩りをしたと証言した訳だが、後にでっち上げだと分かった」と述べ、強制連行の証拠にはならないと指摘した。
　また、慰安婦問題が政治・外交問題化する過程で、韓国や日本の一部で、「女子挺身隊」と慰安婦を同一視する誤った認識を喧伝する動きがあったことも、「強制連行」イメージに拍車をかけた。女子挺身隊は、秦氏の「慰安婦と戦場の性」（新潮選書）によると４４年８月から、「女子挺身勤労令」に基づいて１２～４０歳の未婚女子を工場労働などに動員したものだ。あくまで労働力確保が目的だった。
　慰安所に女性を集めてくる女衒などの仲介業者が、高収入が得られるなどの甘言で誘ったり、慰安所での暮らしを十分説明しなかったりする悪質な手段を使う事例はあった。陸軍省が中国派遣軍にあてた「軍慰安所従業婦等募集に関する件」（３８年３月４日付）では、誘拐に近い募集など問題のある業者がいると指摘し、「軍の威信保持上、並に社会問題上、遺漏なき様」と呼びかけている。軍としては、募集が強制的にならないよう注意を払っていたことを示す資料と言える。
　それでも、戦争の混乱の中で、インドネシアでは旧日本軍の「南方軍幹部候補生隊」が抑留されたオランダ人女性を慰安所に送り込んだ事件（スマラン事件）が発生した。事情を知った上級司令部はすぐに慰安所を閉鎖させたが、事件の責任者らは戦後、オランダ軍による戦犯裁判で死刑を含む厳罰に処せられている。


◆あいまい表現の河野談話　「強制連行」の誤解広げる 　／歴代首相おわびの手紙　基金から償い金も

　慰安婦問題が政治・外交問題化する大きなきっかけを作ったのは、９２年１月１１日付の朝日新聞朝刊だった。「日本軍が慰安所の設置や、従軍慰安婦の募集を監督、統制していたことを示す通達類や陣中日誌が、防衛庁の防衛研究所図書館に所蔵されていることが明らかになった」と報じたもので、「従軍慰安婦」の解説として「開設当初から約８割が朝鮮人女性だったといわれる。太平洋戦争に入ると、主として朝鮮人女性を挺身隊の名で強制連行した。その人数は８万とも２０万ともいわれる」とも記述していた。
　宮沢首相（当時）の訪韓直前というタイミングもあり、この報道で韓国世論が硬化。訪韓中、首相は盧泰愚大統領との会談で「慰安婦の募集、慰安所の経営に日本軍が何らかの形で関与していたことは否定できない」と釈明した。
　政府は９２年７月６日、旧日本軍が慰安所の運営などに直接関与していたが、強制徴用（強制連行）の裏づけとなる資料は見つからなかったとする調査結果を、当時の加藤紘一官房長官が発表した。
　その後も韓国国内の日本に対する批判はいっこうに収まらなかったことから、政府は９３年８月４日、慰安婦問題に対する公式見解となる「河野洋平官房長官談話」を発表した。ただ、この河野談話は表現にあいまいな部分があり、日本の官憲による強制連行を認めたと印象づける内容になっていた。
　第一に、慰安婦の募集について「軍の要請を受けた業者が主としてこれに当たったが、その場合も、甘言、強圧による等、本人たちの意思に反して集められた事例が数多くあり、更に、官憲等が直接これに加担したこともあった」と明記した。第二に、朝鮮半島における慰安婦の募集、移送、管理などは「総じて本人たちの意思に反して行われた」と重ねて記述した。これにより、ほとんどが強制連行だったとの印象を強めることになった。
　強制連行を認めるよう迫る韓国側に配慮し、談話によって問題の政治決着を図ろうという狙いがあった。談話作成にかかわった石原信雄・元官房副長官も後に、「強制連行を立証する資料はなく、慰安婦の証言をもとに総合判断として強制があったということになった」と証言している。
　しかし、この河野談話は慰安婦問題を完全決着させる効果は果たさず、むしろ官憲による「強制連行」という誤解を内外に拡散させる結果を生んだ。
　国連人権委員会のクマラスワミ氏がまとめた報告書では、慰安婦を「性的奴隷」と規定し、日本政府に補償や関係者の処罰を迫ったが、その根拠の一つが河野談話だった。現在、米下院で審議されている決議案の代表提出者マイケル・ホンダ議員（民主党）も、決議案の根拠として河野談話を挙げている。
　日系のホンダ議員が決議案の代表提出者となった背景には、３月１６日付本紙朝刊国際面で紹介したように、日系人が相対的に減少傾向にある一方で、中国系や韓国系住民が増加している選挙区事情があるなどと指摘されている。
　９５年７月、政府は河野談話を前提に、財団法人「女性のためのアジア平和国民基金（アジア女性基金）」を設立。これまで３６４人の元慰安婦に償い金など合計約１３億円を渡した。併せて、橋本、小渕、森、小泉の歴代首相がそれぞれ「おわびの手紙」を送っている。
　河野談話について、安倍首相は０６年１０月５日の衆院予算委員会で、自らの内閣でも基本的に引き継ぐ考えを示したが、官憲による「強制連行」は否定した。

◇米下院の対日決議案要旨

　日本国政府は、１９３０年代から第２次世界大戦中にかけてのアジア及び太平洋諸島の植民地および支配の期間中において、世界に「慰安婦」として知られる、若い女性を日本帝国軍隊が強制的に性的奴隷化したことに対する歴史的な責任を公式に認め、謝罪し、受け入れるべきである。
　日本国政府による強制的軍売春である「慰安婦」制度は、その残忍さと規模において、輪姦、強制的中絶、屈辱的行為、性的暴力が含まれるかつて例のないものであり、身体の損傷、死亡、結果としての自殺を伴う２０世紀最大の人身売買事案の一つであった。
　日本の公務員や民間の要職にあるものが、近年、慰安婦の苦難について、心からのおわびと反省を表明した９３年の河野官房長官談話の内容を薄めたり、撤回したりすることを願望する旨表明している。
　下院の考えとして、公式の謝罪を日本の首相が公的立場において声明として公にすべきであり、（日本政府が）日本帝国軍隊による「慰安婦」の性的奴隷化や人身売買は決してなかったとのいかなる主張に対しても明確かつ公に反論すべきであることを決議する。（外務省の仮訳よりアジアの真実

Bengal Famine

But it's a full-on outrage, a crime, that Western historians still ignore all the brutal genocides the British forced on us in India both during and before WWII. The most egregious example is the Bengal Famine in East India, in which 3-5 MILLION Indians were end by that bastard Winston Churchill, and it was all intentional:

Notice the term, "Rice Denial Scheme"-- when Indian Independence movement began to spring up in 1941-42, Churchill and his fellow British mbutt liquidateers found it all too convenient to wipe out as many Indians as possible with a nice pre-planned famine. The British humiliation at Singapore gave them the perfect excuse so in 1942, they shut down the Bengali farms (Bengal a center of the Indian Resistance Movement) and confiscated the rice and other crops to make sure those rebellious Hindus died nice and quiet, see. This was the same Churchill who with Arthur Harris pushed for contagion gas to be used in the Middle East when the Brits were as usual having their buttes kicked by the "inferior" tribes that they disdained.

This was of course nothing new. After the War of Independence in 1857, the Brits saw fit to mbuttacre who knows how many millions of Indians in the same sorts of famines and attacks. (Dyer in 1919 thought he was doing the same sort of thing at Jallian Wala Bagh.) My grandfather used to tell me the stories about the things the Brits did to people out in Bengal, Delhi, Bihar in the years following 1857, when I was old enough to understand, and it still chills your blood. Tossing whole families into small wooden sheds and setting them ablaze. That old Roman punishment, forcing water into people under their kidneys broke down and they died writhing on the ground. Forcing teenagers, adolescent kids, to shoot and kill their own relatives who were suspected of being "insurgents" against the East India Company. And those poor natives of Andaman, not to mention the ones in Australia who were also in the East India Company's path and had their civilization nearly wiped out-- the Nazis could never compare with what those bastards did in terms of the way they utterly took out those ancient cultures. British Bengal famine and other ignored genocides of WWII

On the other hand wiki provides another view. It seems the wiki's article just resembles what is said about Bataan Death March by Japanese apologists.

Comfort women and Asian Women’s Fund Projects, by Country or Region

Asian
Women’s Fund

(the emphasis mine)


Republic of Korea

......The Government provides these women with a fixed monthly sum to subsidize their living expenses. Of the 207 authenticated people, 72 had died, 135 were still alive, with 2 of them residing outside the country, as of November 2002.The Government of the Republic of Korea initially showed a favorable stance toward the establishment of the Asian Women's Fund. But the stance changed to disfavor, basically because one non-governmental organization supporting the victims, the Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan, or ìChongdaehyop,î mounted a vigorous campaign against the Asian Women's Fund, and because of criticism in the media, as well.

The former comfort women varied considerably in their attitudes. Some criticized the Fund and repudiated it. Others were dissatisfied that the Fund was involved, but still wanted to accept project benefits. Those who had publicly stated they intended to accept benefits were criticized, and pressure was applied against them. Some of these women reluctantly issued another statement repudiating the Asian Women's Fund.........In December 1996, Ms. Kimiko Kaneda (not her real name) announced that she appreciated the Fund's efforts and intended to accept its project benefits. Pressure was applied against her to refuse them, but soon another six victims announced that they too would accept benefits. On 11 January 1997, representing the Fund, its Director, Teruko Kanehira, gave seven of the victims the Prime Minister's letter at a hotel in Seoul........Both the victims and the Fund found it hard to bear the fact that the atonement money and other benefits had led to pressure being applied on the victims who received them......However, a campaign was mounted to collect private donations within the Republic of Korea, to persuade women to refuse Fund project benefits. The donations were used to provide victims with a fixed amount of assistance money. The seven victims who had accepted benefits from the Fund's atonement projects were excluded from the program......Kim Dae Jung became President of the Republic of Korea in March that year. In May, the new administration decided that, although it would not demand state reparations from the Japanese Government, it would pay 31.5 million won (at the time, about 3.1 million Japanese yen), plus an additional 4.18 million won from capital collected by the Korean Council (ìChongdaehyop,î) as living expense subsidies to each former comfort woman who vowed to refuse Asian Women's Fund project benefits. The Government of the Republic of Korea paid this sum to 142 people, but did not pay it to 11 people ó the seven who had accepted Fund benefits in the early stages, and four others who did not sign the written oath because they had accepted Fund benefits......The seven who initially accepted Fund benefits, and the others who did so confidentially, were placed in a psychologically painful situation because of the strong influence of activist groups that regard the Fund's atonement projects in the Republic of Korea as a way for the Japanese Government to avoid responsibility. The Fund kept up its efforts to ensure that all those who accepted atonement project benefits would be socially accepted, but unfortunately the current situation shows that these efforts did not bring positive results.

Indonesia

.... the Indonesian Government expressed a desire for assistance in developing welfare facilities for the elderly, rather than for projects benefiting individual former comfort women. This conclusion was reached primarily because: (i) it would be extremely difficult to authenticate former comfort women;*(ii) it was important to protect the honor of the former comfort women and their families; and (iii) the question of war reparations from Japan to Indonesia had already been settled by accords, specifically the Treaty of Peace

the Philippines

....Applicant authentication was done by public prosecutors attached to the above-mentioned Department of Justice of the Philippine Government.....All approved applicants received Fund benefits

The Netherlands

......AWF was to grant 255 million yen to the PICN with the purpose to improve the living conditions of Dutch victims, as a way to express the feelings of atonement of the Japanese Government and people. All of this money would be provided from Japanese Government funds. It was decided that the entire amount of 255 million, with the exception of a maximum of 10 million yen for administrative expenses, would be used for victims wishing to participate in the project......The application deadline was set for 15 March 1999, and applications were received from 107 people. The PICN followed strict standard criteria when examining the applications, and approved 79 people as project recipients. Conditions for approval included Dutch nationality at the time, and that the victim had been forced through physical means into prostitution by Japanese occupying forces during World War II. Other factors considered included location, frequency, nature of trauma, and causes of illness, etc.

Victims approved as recipients were provided with goods and services valued at an average of approximately 50,000 guilders (3 million yen) per person. .....Following the request made by the PICN, a copy of the letter in English from Prime Minister Hashimoto addressed to Prime Minister Kok of the Netherlands was delivered to each victim in April 1999. It repeated the contents of the letter of apology that the Japanese Prime Minister had written to victims in the Philippines, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. The letter began with this sentence: ìThe Government of Japan is painfully aware of its moral responsibility concerning the issue of so-called wartime comfort women.î The letter also points out that the Asian Womenís Fund implements the projects in order to express the national atonement on the issue and that the Government cooperates with the AWF

Taiwan

....According to local media reports in April 2002, 36 Taiwanese women identified as victims were still alive at that time. Taiwan authorities pay identified victims 15,000 Taiwanese dollars (about 60,000 Japanese yen) per month to subsidize their living expenses......The Taipei Women's Rescue Foundation, which had opposed the Asian Women's Fund ever since its projects began, reacted by distributing approximately 500,000 Taiwan dollars (equivalent to about 2 million Japanese yen) to each victim who submitted a signed oath that she would refuse benefits from the Asian Women's Fund. The distributed money came from profits earned through auctions held mainly by the Foundation. Then in February 1998, members of the Legislative Yuan applied pressure on the Taiwanese authorities and had them pay each victim 500,000 Taiwan dollars (about 2 million Japanese yen) as an advance, supposedly to be repaid later by the Japanese Government as ìcompensation.î

Many of the victims live in poverty, and almost all are prone to illness. Many inquiries were received from people expressing a desire to obtain atonement money and medical and welfare project benefits from the Asian Women's Fund. However, victims who were pressured by people advising them not to accept benefits felt anxious, believing that if they accepted benefits from the Fund their living expense subsidies would be terminated.......Fortunately, in spite of the difficult situation, the Fund was able to provide atonement project benefits to a considerable number of former comfort women.

...............................................................................

*

２万２千人もが元慰安婦として名乗りをあげた。ちなみに、当時ジャワにいた日本兵は２万余である。従軍慰安婦の真相

In Indonesia, when Japanese lawyer asked ex-comfort women to come forward, 22.000 women came out. There was only 20,000 or so Japanese soldiers at the time at Java.